PGS101 Exam1
Terms
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- what is the most popular psychologist major job?
- college faculty member
- Human factors require the study of
- ergonomics
- "bonehead" experiments are due to a lack of
- ergonomic study
- ergonomics quote
- "honor thy user"
- def: ergonomics
- the study of interactions between people and technology
-
To be a good human factors specialist you need:
explain these (expls) -
1) basic sensory: rods and cones
2) sound localization: sirens
3) tactile perception: distinguishing by touch
4) social psychology
5) cognitive psychology - Rods and cones (Cones don't work in dim lights) is an example of
- basic sensory
- sirens are different; the body knows which side sound comes from because one side hears waves first. This is an example of
- sound localization
- distinguishing by touch; we have physical constraints we can only exert or accept limited force. examples: child proof caps, astroturn, lathe. This is an example of
- tactile perception
- Posner and Boies' dual tasking (letter marching and tone detecting) experiment is an example of
- cognitive psychology
- Posner and Boies experiment (dual tasking) concluded that
- switching attention between tasks has a cognitive "Cost"
- Experiment by Middlemist nad personal space is an example of
- social psychology
- What is science?
- asking questions and making sense of the answers
- In ________ psychology, questions regard human behavior.
- experimental
- In experimental psychology, questions regard _____________.
- human behavior
- Answers to questions found by the _______________.
- scientific method
- people do not seem to work as hard in groups as they do alone. This is called________.
- social loafing.
- What is social loafing?
- people dont work as hard in groups as they do alone
- the "seizure boy" experiment is an example of __________.
- social loafing
- Kitty Genoveve's killing is an example of ________.
- social loafing
- Examples of social loafing
- Ladder girl, Seizure boy, Kitty Genoveve
- Social psycholgoy Bibb Latane studied __________
- social loafing
- Ringlemann's report on rope pulling is an exmpale of _____
- social loafing
- altruism
- helping people out
- Latane explained social loafing by a principle called _______________.
- diffusion of responsibility
- def: diffusion of responsiblity
- people in larger groups feel less responsible for its overall success or failure.
- The principe of diffusion of responsibility is a result of _______.
- social loafing
- Billy's Graham's crusades result in ________.
- social loafing
- How do we fix social loafing?
- Latane found that when people know about SL, it disappears.
- The 2 exceptions to social loafing include:
- sports teams, war
- Pierce described various ways people come to accept ideas:
-
1. tenacity
2. authority
3. science - tenacity
- people tend to accept ideas that have been around a long time.
- people tend to accept ideas that have been around along time. this is called believing because of
- tenacity
- tenacity is widely used in
- advertising and politics, racial stereotypes
- advertising, stereotypes and politics use this to convince people of ideas
- tenacity
- problems with tenacity
-
1) the idea may be wrong
2) its hard to correct wrong ideas. - Authority
- people accept ideas that come from authority figures
- televangelists and mapmakers make people believe through
- authority
- believe through science:
- poeple accept ideas through science
- Properties of Science:
-
1) science is repeatable: findings from one lab should be replicable in another
2) science is empirical: we rely on data, not on faith
3) science is self-correcting: data is made public for evaluation. old ideas are refined. - findings from one lab should be replicable in another. This makes science _______.
- repeatable
- we dont accept ideas on faith; we rely on data. this makes science _______.
- empirical
- Data is made public for evaluation. Old ideas are constantly refined. This makes science _______.
- self correcting
- the major advantage of science:
- science provides an objective way to evaluate ideas.
- Scientific endeavors entail 3 main goals:
-
1) description
2) prediction
3) explanation - in social loafing, people slack off in groups. this is an exmpale of _____.
- description
- Social loafing increases as groups increase. this is an example of _____.
- prediction
- Once we describe and predict information, we try to ________
- explain why it happens.
- __________ are never final.
- explanation
- the 3 goals of science entail 3 main research methods:
-
observation
correlation
experimentation - 3 kinds of research
- observational, experimental, correlational
- trying to record some behavior in the world, we use ______ research.
- observational
- Naturalistic observation
- watching behavior in its natural state
- Watching behavior in its natural state is called
- Naturalistic Observation
- bird watching is an example of
- observational research, naturalistic observation
- in some ways, naturalistic observation in an _______
- ideal method
- why it naturalistic observation an "ideal" method?
-
1) its cheap
2) you dont need to interfere with normal environment
3) the data has high ecological validity compared to a lab - Naturalistic Observation is important to psychology because
- it provides insight that'll lead to research later in the lab.
- Eibl-Eibesfeldt was interested in facial expression so he used ________
- systematic observation
- Eibl-Eibesfeldts eyebrow flash occured during:
- greetings, gifts and flirting everywhere but Japan
- details to consider in observational research:
-
1) chosing the behavior (watch out for overloads)
2) reactivity
3) reliability - Eibl-Eibesfeldt's sideways camera is an example of ________
- unobtrusive observation
- Dianne Fossey living with gorillas is an example of ______
- participant observation
- spying aka
- unobtrusive observation
- Why is reliability a consideration?
- you must ensure you see things accurately especially if you already have a theory in mind
- How do we test reliability/
- using 2 or more observers and see if they agree
- using 2 or more observers tests ____
- reliabiltiy
- Variations of Naturalistic Observation
- Case Studies, Surveys
- Eibl Eibesfeldt's facial expression experiment is examples of
- Naturalistic observation, unobtrusive observation, systematic observation
- Dianne Fossey's gorilla experiment is examples of
- participant observation, naturalistic observation
- def: case studies
- intense investigation of a single individual or certain group
- Festinger's investigation of alien believers is an example of
- a case study
- problem with case studies
- 1 or 2 cases may not reflect the general population
- ____ are used to study large samples adn touch on a few topics
- surveys
- precaution with surveys
- people try to present themselves in a socially acceptible light
- advantages/dis of observational research
-
a:
1/ helpful EARLY in research when need direction
2/ some cant be studied in lab
d:
1/ its only descriptive -- can not control
2/ hard to repeat
3/hard to maintain objectivity - Dr. Blondlot and his n-ray experiment problem
- didn't maintain objectivity
- Observational Research is primarily
- description/descripting
- Correlational Research is primarily
- predicting
- the relationsihps between smoking and lung cancer is an example of ___
- correlational research
- Correlations have 2 basic properties:
-
1) magnitude
2) sign indicates direction - the strengtho f the relationship between variables is ____
- magnitude
- magnitude
- indicates the strength of a relationship between variables
- if there is no correlation, the magnitude is
- 0
- is magnitude independent of the sign?
- yes
- the sign indicates the ______ of the relationship between variables
- direction
- the _____ indicates the direction of the relationahip between variables
- sign
- do correlations imply causation?
- no
- why dont correlations imply causation?
-
1. we dont know which factor precedes the other
2. other factors may be the real cuase. (confounding variables) - other factors that may be the real cause are called
- confounding variables
- Whast are correlations good for?
-
1. they allow accurate predictions
2. they lay the groundwork for experiments - confounding factors
- other factors that may be the real cuase of something
- difference with experimental research and corre/observ.
- in experiments, we CONTROL the situation, letting us pinpoint causal factors
- experiments require _____ and _____ of variables
- selection control and manipulation
- in experiments, there are 3 variables:
-
1) dependent
2) independent
3) control - independent variables
- are manipulated by the experimenter
- Dependent variables/measures
- observed and recorded by experimenter
- control variables
- potential independent variables that are controlled by the experimenter
- these variables could affect behavior but are not of interest
- control variables
- control variables aka
- confounds or nuisance variables
- Using multiple independent variables lets you find _____.
- interactions
- def: interaction
- the effect of one independent variable is modulated by another
- Piliavin's findings during the subway car experiment are examples of
- interactions
- when there are parallel lines
- there are NO INTERACTIONS
- Pitfalls of experimental research
-
1) sometimes dont work
2) perhaps iv has no effect when it should
3) " iv has effect when it shouldnt - Experiments may fail due to:
-
1) poorly chosen operational definitions
2) uncontrolled confounds
3) demand characteristics (experiment hinter/subject guesses the hypothesis) - birthmark and music distraction is example of
- operational definitions
- def demand characteristics:
- aspects of an experiment that provide clues about the desired outcome
- an experimenter hinting at certain behavior is an example of
- demand characteristics
- perpetual barriers
- this theory says this gives us protection from unpleasant stimuli
- normal/cuss words an example of
- perpetual barriers thoery