prologue 2
Terms
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- Socrates and Plato
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LOGIC
DUALISM
mind seprable from body
knowledge built w/in - Aristotle
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DATA LOVER
knowledge from experiences
monism . . . soul not sep from body
"nurture" not "nature"
memories recalled thru association - Augustine
- seeks coorelation between body condition and mind
- Descartes
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believes socrates and plato
"animal spirits" make mind/brain work
examines brain and NERVES - Sir Francis Bacon
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founder of mod sci
Experiment, Experience, Common Sense
saw mind's attempt to find patterns/order
mind's selectivity of memories to confirm beliefs - Empiricism
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a)knowledge from experiences via senses
b) sci flourishes thru observation and experimentation
*rationale for democracy
*bacon and locke - William Wundt
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*first psych experiment
*philosopher and physiologist
*first lab/grad students - schools of psych
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*gestalt psych
*psychoanalysis
*structuralism
*functionalism - structuralism
- an early school of psych using introspection to explore structure of human mind
- functionalism
- focuses on how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable an organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
- Edward Titchner
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*Wundt's student
*intro's structuralism w/ self reflection - William James
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*wrote Principles of Psychology
*believed thinking serves a purpose--to help us survive
*free will has practical value - pragmatism
- test truth by practical consequences
- mary calkins
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*researcher
*APA's 1st female prez
*James' student - Margaret Floy Washburn
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*wrote "The Animal Mind"
*1st female Harvard PhD in psych - Pavlov
- studied learning
- Sigmund Freud
- physician studied personality . . . WRONG ALOT
- Jean Piaget
- swiss biologist boserved kids
- psychology
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"the science of behavior and mental processes"
*attempt to describe/explain human nature
*test theories, evaluate - stability vs. change
- do we change as we grow?
- rationality vs. irrationality
- rational brains function like perceptionis are working, irrationality is misremembering etc
- nature vs. nurture
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longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
*plato(nature) vs. aristotle (nurture)
*Descartes (some ideas innate) vs. Locke ("blank sheet") - Charles Darwin
- argued that natural selection shapes behaviors and bodies
- natural selection
- the principle that among the range of inherited traits variations those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to further generations
- neuroscience perspective
- how the body/brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
- evolutionary perspective
- how natural seection of traits promotes perpetuation of genes
- behavior genetics perception
- how much our gens and environment influence our individual differences
- psychodynamic perspective
- how behavior springs from unconcious drives and conflicts
- behavioral perspective
- how we learn observable responses
- cognitive perspective
- how we encode, process, store, and retrieve info
- social-cultural perspective
- how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
- basic research
- pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
- applied research
- scientific study to solve practical problems
- biological psychologists
- links between body and mind
- developmental psychologists
- changing abilities womb to tomb
- cognative psychologists
- how we perceive, think, problem-solve
- personality psychologists
- investigate persistant traits
- social psychologists
- how we view and affect one another
- industrial/organizational psychologists
- sutdy and advise workplace behavior
- clinical psychologists
- study, assess, treat troubled people
- psychiatrists
- medical doctors that provide psychotheraby and medication to people with psychological disorders
- behavior
- what you can observe/measure
- hippocrates
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*father of medicine
*brain is root of behavior prob
thoughts +feelings = behavior - Objective sensation
- reflects the outside world (example: taste or sight
- subjective feeling
- emotional response or mental images associated w/ an object
- Gestalt approach
- perception is more than sm of parts and studied how sensations are assembled into meaningful perceptual experiences
- Max Wertheimer
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German
whole greater than parts
sudy larg units instead of structuralism
deals w/ perceptions
insight - Behaviorism
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objective, scientific analysis of observable behavior
interested in behavior and precise measurement instead of conciousness of Wundt and james - John Watson
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"radical behaviorism"
objective and experimental
NURTURE - Skinner
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against Freud
environmental factors mold you (reward an punishment) NURTURE
change behavior thru conditioning - Leta Stetter Hollingworth
- child dev and women's issues
- Karen Horney
- social and cultural aspects to personality
- june etta downey
- personality trait theorist
- anna freud
- continued father's work
- introspection
- contemplation of one's own thoughts and sensations; self-examination
- insight
- understanding, especially an understanding of the movives and reasons behind behavior
- psychoanalysis
- freud's theory of personality focusing on repression and unconcious forces
- psychodynamic
- the ineraction of various concious and unconcious mental or emotional processes
- humanism
- a system of thought that centers on humans and their values, capacities, and worth
- existentialism
- assumes that people are entirely free and thsu responsible for what they make of themselves
- social cognative theory
- behavior influenced by the interaction between persons and their thinkng and thei social context
- mind-body dualism
- the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
- monism
- doctrine that mindand matter are the same ultimate substance or principle of being
- law of effect
- behaviors are selevted by their consequences . . .smallest is chosen
- biopsychologist
- a specialist in psychology as related to biology or part of the vital process