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SOM CRITICAL THINKING

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The two main causes for seeing things that don't exist
1. We see things/associate things because we expect them

2. we can't always trust our senses, therefore cannot rely on anecdotal evidence





When we misperceive our world due to the judgments of our brain, what are some examples of what can happen?
Hallucinations, mass hysteria, sports events, biased perception, monke-man, penis shrinking, devil face in WTC
Give examples of seeing associations NOT things
Ink blots, we associate the image because we are supposed to see something, technical charts, analyze trends
What is the main cause of superstition?
The belief that one thing affects the other although there is not relationship between the two.
What is superstition the out growth of?
Coincidence; one event happens from another and a casual association is drawn
Why are people superstitious?
It makes us feel we have control over the situation and can affect the outcome
Why else are people superstitious?
a way to cope with uncertainty
What is the gamblers fallacy? give an example.
That what has just occurred will affect what happens next. Although the two events are independent we some how relate them. the hot hand...it just does not exist.
Give examples of causes of events that are largely determined by chance and coincidence.
1.the bell curve. when you are an out liar, we think its mysterious so we create causes for the outcome.
2.we don't appreciate distributions
3.we attribute other reasoning for extreme occurrences.

What are the six basic mistakes we make that lead us to faulty beliefs and decisions?
1. we prefer stories to stats
2. we seek to confirm
3. we remember wrong/faulty memories
4. seek to simplify or over simplify
5. we can misperceive our world
6. we don't appreciate chance and coincidence




What IS pseudoscience
Claims presented so they seem appear scientific; but they lack sufficient supporting evidence.
What is Science?
Science relies on controlled experimentation and rigorous testing of a hypothesis and is not trying to prove any specific belief, but to help us understand our world. Science is open to rejection/confirmation. It manipulates one variable at a time while holding all others constant.
what are difference between science and pseudoscience?
1.evidence in pseudo required before a belief is accepted where as science requires hard evidence.
2. plausibility of the argument
3. The hypothesis must be testable or able to disprove, if you cannot test it's worthless.
4. need for skepticism
5. must provide benefit.



How does science operate?
1. develop a hypothesis to address the question at hand and develop a test using rigorous testing methods.This uses a set of checks and balances for self correction
How does science progress?
1. theories are tested and all knowledge is provisional but the best evidence we have.
2. if data does not support the theory we change the theory or discard it
3. if data does support theory the belief becomes stronger and more accepted.

Name main characteristics of Pseudoscientific thinking.
having a preconceived notion of what to believe, having evidence that supports your belief, ignores all evidence to falsify your belief,you disregard other explanations for the claim, accept flimsy evidence, not much skepticism, not much controlled experimentation
What are main characteristics of scientific thinking?
keeping and open mind, but having skepticism, make sure the belief or claim CAN be tested,try to falsify the claim, consider alternative explanations, choose the claim that does not conflict with established info.
What does is mean to be a skeptic?
its a position held, and you evaluate repeatable evidence before staking the claim. you have uncertain ambiguity and is safe with saying I don't know.
What is the search procedure?
1. State the claim
2. examine the evidence
3. consider the alternative hypothesis (confirmatory bias)
4.Rate according to the criteria of adequacy
(is it testable, is it the simplest explanation, does it conflict with other well established beliefs, can it explain diff phenomena



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