AP Psych Ch1 SG
Terms
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- Science of behavior and mental processes
- psychology
- tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one could/would have foreseen it.
- hindsight bias
- explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes/predicts observations
- theory
- testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
- hypothesis
- statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables
- operational definitions
- repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different subjects in different situations, to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances
- replication
- one person studied for research
- case study
- what are the cons of a case study?
- individuals may be atypical
- what are the pros of a case study?
- good information if everything goes well
- technique for ascertaining self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative random sample of them
- survey
- pros of a survey?
- represents population
- cons of a survey?
- wording of questions may influence answers
- observing/recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
- naturalistic observation
- tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
- false consensus effect
- all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
- population
- a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
- random sample
- statistical measure of relationship: reveals how closely two things vary together and thus either one predicts the other
- correlation coefficient
- graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the value of two variables
- scatterplot
- +1.00 one score increases in direct proportion to another
- positive correlation
- -1.00 one set of scores goes up as the other goes down
- negative correlation
- statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
- correlation
- perception of a relationship where none exists
- illusory correlation
- research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (IV) to observe the effect on some behavior/mental processes (DV)
- experiment
- inert substance/condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent.
- placebo
- experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug evaluation studies.
- double blind procedure
- thinking one is getting a treatment can boost spirits, relax one's body, and lead to symptom relief.
- placebo effect
- condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
- experimental condition
- condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
- control condition
- assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.
- random assignment
- experimental factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied
- independent variable
- experimental factor that is being measured; variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
- dependent variable
- most frequently occurring score in a distribution
- mode
- average of a distribution
- mean
- middle score in a distribution
- median
- difference between highest and lowest scores in a distribution
- range
- computed measure of how much scores vary around mean (average) score
- standard deviation