Mammalogy FW 317 OrStU
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- List 16 physical trends and/or ecologically significant characters of mammals
-
1. Large size
2. Large proportion of community metabolism
3. generalists
4. intelligent in comp. w/other vert.
5. complex social behaviors
6. high levels of parental investment
7. high lvl. sensory perception (esp. hearing and olfaction)
8. homeotherms w/ insulative layer
9. simplification of skeleton
10. lactation all have nipples ex. prototheria
11. neopallium
12. specialized dentition
13. muscular diaphragm for respiration
14. epiphysis
15. loss of cervical and lumbar ribs
16. paired occipital condyles - The orders of most mammals arose in the... era of the....period aproximately ... mya. However, the earliest know fossils of mammals date back to the ... era in the ... period approximately...mya.
- Most mammals arose in the EOCENE era of the TERTIARY approxiamtely 54-65 mya. However, the earliest know fossils of mammals date back to the TRIASSIC era in the MESOZOIC period approximately 248 mya.
- Mammals are thought to have arose from a lineage of reptiles known as....
-
Therapsids which arose by the Lower Permian,
Therapsids (the group that includes mammals and most of their Upper Permian and more recent relatives) had appeared (Laurin and Reisz, 1990, 1996) - Synapida
-
Synapsids include mammals and all extinct amniotes more closely related to mammals than to reptiles.
Synapsids are the dominant large terrestrial animals worldwide, and they have also invaded the oceans (whales, pinnipeds) and the air (bats). The oldest known synapsid is an ophiacodontid from the Middle Pennsylvanian (320 million years ago) - Cynodonts
-
*Diverse group of Therapsids
*"Dog teeth"
*Dentary bone became majority of lower jaw
*zygomatic arch present --> from temporal shield
*Jaw muscle attachment moved from inner surface of temporal shield external surface of the brain case
*Heterodont teeth - Depauperate
-
Low number of species
A fauna, especially common on islands, lacking many species found in similar habitats elsewhere. -
q -
Sub class: Protheria
Order: Monotremata ("one hole" cloacea)
Family: Tachyglossidae
echidna
2 species in separate genus thus two monotypic genera
no nipples but pair of aeroli milk wicked by a tft of hair - Eats ant and termites
- Myrmecophagous
- Adaptations for Myrmecophagy
-
*no teeth
*very long tongue
*sticky saliva
*horny plate on roof of mouth-hard keratinized
*or muscular stomach - Ostelogical feature(s) of Order Monotremata that are similar to reptiles
-
Prefrontal bones and post frontals of the skull present (+in reptiles, - in mammals)
limbs articulated like lizards i.e. to the side -
reproductive mode of
Tachyglossidae -
Internal fertilization
lays single egg
incubation 7-10 days
both ovaries functional
(contrast with Orthirychidae rt. ovary lost) - Brains of Tachyglossidae have...cerebrum
-
have convoluted cerebrum
(thought to be a more dervived condition) -
q -
Sub class: Protheria
Order: Monotremata
Family: Orthirychidae
platypus
*no nipples or areolus glands in patch of lactic glands on ventral surface
*electro-senory organs in leathery beak
*venom gland associated with spike on hind legs (male only).
*teeth lost in embryological dev.
*nocturnal
*females lay two eggs w/protein coating that "glues" them together -
q -
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Order: Didelphimorphia
"new world opossums" (15 genera, 63 sp)
*50 teeth (more that eutherian ancestral number of teeth44) -
q -
Subclasss: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Order: Dasyuromorphia
(3 famileis, 16 genera, 62 sp.)
e.g. tasmanian devil, numbat- (myrmecophagous)
Non-syndactylous -
q -
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Order: Diprotodontia
Koala other e.g. Kangaroo
(40 genera, 110 sp.) -
q -
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Order: Peramelemorphia
Bandicoots (7 genera 19 sp.)
*chrio-allantoic placenta (unlike other metatherians but similar to "higher" mammals) - some Characters of Monotremata
-
*No true teeth
*more reptilian skull (pre and post frontals)
*Cervical ribs (neck)
*limbs splayed to the side
*Oviparous with extraembryonic ectoderm in egg absorbs uterine secretions though porous shell
*retained cloacae - Chorioallantoic placenta
- A placenta developed from the chorionic and allantoic extraembryonic membranes that replaces the choriovitelline placenta during the embryonic development of all eutherian mammals and some marsupials (peramelemorphia *bandicoots)
- placenta
- extraembryonic tissue that obtains nutrients from the endometrium of the uterus and secretes hormones to signal the state of pregnancy to the mother
- Choriovitelline placenta
- a placenta developed from the yolk sac that is characteristic of all therian mammals during early development
- Chorion
- the outer most extra-embyronic membrane of amniotes
- amniotes
- those vertebrates whose embryos posse an amion, chorion, and allantois in addition to the yolk sac of all vertebrates
- coprophagy
-
refection
feeding upon feces (shrews, lagomorphs and rodents) - Chorionic villi
- finger-like projections of capillaries from the outermost embryonic membrane that penetrate teh endometrium (of the mother); increase exchange between maternal and fetal systems
- Metatheria brains
-
no corpus callosum
minimal development of neocortex
smooth
slow development - Metatheria reproduction
-
*internal fertilization
* females have bifurcated reproductive tract
*male have bifud penis and scrotum anterior to penis
*choriovitilline placenta (most)
*short gestation time (low nutrient exchange no or limited villi)
*endometrium folds after implantation
*accelerated development of anterior end of fetus (to climb from vagina to nipple)
* nipple/teat swells keeps dev. neonate in place for prolonged lactation period
*obligate lactation phase may be 2/3rds of total lactation period. - altricial
-
being hatched or born or having young that are hatched or born in a very immature and helpless condition so as to require care for some time
e.g. marsupial neonates except anterior end which is well developed - fossorial
-
adapted to digging <a fossorial foot>
Etymology: Medieval Latin fossorius used for digging, from Latin fossor digger, from fodere
: -
semelparous
semelparity - reproduction that occurs only once during the life time of an individual
-
folivorous
folivory - consuming a diet of leave and stems
- frugivorous
- consuming a diet of fruit
- e.g of semelparous mammal
-
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Order: Dasyuromorphia
Family:Dasyuridae
Genus Antechinus - jumping and ricocheting. jumping involves the use of all four feet; ricocheting involves the propulsion provided only by the two hind limbs
- Saltatorial locomotion
- Pelamorphia
-
Bandicoots
*chorioallantoic placenta (but no choriovilli) - Insectivora
-
hedgehogs moles shrews tenrics solenodons
*poor vision
*olfaction very acute
*"primative" smooth brains
*testes abdomial or scrotal, but anterior to penis
*some venomous species (often saliva)e.g. solenodons -
q -
Order: Insectivora
Family: Soricidae
*most numerous (# species) insectivora
*dicuspid incisors
*procumbant incisors in lower jaw
*no zygomatic arch
*rejected by mammalian predators
*All N. Amer. species have red tipped teeth
*smallest shrew micro sorex ~ 2.3 g -
q -
Order:Insectivora
Family: Talpidae
*complete zygomatic arch
*pelvis runs parallel to back bone
*birth canal does not go through pelvis -
q -
Macroscelidea: Insectivora
elephant shrews
*Dist. Africa
*robust zygomatic arch
*robust auditory bula
*large ears
*vision and olfaction important-different from insectivores
*pair territories marked with scent
*hindlimbs quadra-or-pentadactyl
*forelimbs are functional tridactyl
*diurnal (not typical small mammalian condition)
*molecular techinques indicate common ancestry with- Aardvark-elephants-hyraxes-mannatees - Paenungulate clade
-
Elephants (Order:Proboscidea)
Aardvark (Order: Tubulidentata)
Hyraxs (Order: Hyracoidea)
Tree shrews (Order: Macroscelidia)
Dugongs(Order: Sirenia) -
q -
Order: Scandentia
Tree shrews
*brians convoluted
*comlete auditory bulla
*Complete zygomatic arch
*well developed post orbital process
*long tail for counter-balance
*pentadactyl
*diurnal
*vocal
*may represent earliest lineages of primates -
q -
Order: Dermoptera
Colugos 1 fam. 2 genera 2 species
*glissant
*extensive flight membrane
*pectinate lower incisors
*foliovors
*nocturnal
*1 young at a time w/2 mo. gestation
*chambered intestine w/mircoflora - Describes a comb-like tooth. Consists of a series of projections like the teeth of a comb.
-
pectinate
e.g. Order: Dermoptera (tree shrews) - Describes teeth that project forward,
-
Procumbent
e.g. (Order: Insectivora Family: Soricidae)shrews
or kangaroos
(Order: Diprotodontia) - A web of skin, in this case the parachute-like extensions or flight membrane
-
Patagium
e.g. colugo (Order: Dermoptera) that is used for gliding
Bats (Order: Chiroptera)
Uropatagium(behind rear limbs)
Propatagium (Forearm)
Dactylopatagium (Between fingers)
Plagiopatagium (between fingers and body) -
q -
Order: Insectivora
Family : Tenrecidae
Tenrecs and otter shrews -
q -
Order: insectivora
Family: Erinaceidae
Hedgehogs
*only insectivors to under go treu hibernation
*spines
*"Old world" family - feed on fish
-
Piscivorous
some Chriopterans - Chiroptera
-
Two suborders: Megachiroptera, Microchiroptera
*known from early Eocene ~55 mya
*only right ovary funtional
*Hip joints and knee joints reversed
*only mammal w/ture flight
*digits elongated (except pollex)
*show greater degree of specialization than any other mammalian order
*Sperm is stored in interine tract, and ovulation and subsequent fertilization occur in spring - consuming pollen and nectar from flowers
- Nectivorious
- consuming blood
- Sanguinivorious
- Four factor of flight in Chiroptera
-
1)exterme weight reduction of the wing
2)maximized surface area (in relation to body) thus Low wing loading
3)High chamber (i.e. cross sectional curvature of teh wing)
4) leading edge flaps (propatagium) increased chamber
*3 and 4 produce lift -
Microchiropterans
have several T-stat settings =?
And a reduced metabolism and ____rate -
Microchiropterans are HETEROTHERMIC
and at rest they can reduce HEARTrate by an order or magnitude e.g. from 60 bpm to 600 bpm.
*excellent way to conserve energy - What adaptations might early insectivores have had that allowed proto-bats to occupy the night sky with the later adaptation to flight?
-
extant small mammals emit ultra-sonic sound and CAN hear them.
Thus the ability to echolocate was most likely in place before flight. thus a so called "preadaptation" - How do Megachiropterans the "key stone species" moniker?
-
Many plants in the Indo-Pacific rely on Megachiropterans for seed dispersal and seed conditioning for germination.
In addition some species are nectivores and pollinate flowers - What is the problem sanguinivorous bats face after feeding?
-
Sanguinivorous bats are "vampire bats" i.e. they drink blood.
*blood is mostly water thus in order to get enough food they must drink large quantities relative to there size. This would make they too heavy to fly.
*Their kidneys "work extra hard: to remove the water. as a consequence the bats urinate as they feed and reduce weight.
* once in flight their kidney slows the pace, to conserve water (blood = high protein, protein metabolism requires water.) -
q -
Class: Mammalian
Sub class: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Order: Primates
Suborders: Strepsirhini lemurs
Haplorhini monkeys, apes - Characteristics of Order Primates
-
1.opposable Hallux Most(not homo sapiens)
2. opposable pollex
3.Most completely arboreal- brachiation
4. have nails instead of claws
5. most omnivorous
6. reduced rostrum
7. strongly binocular vision
8 large cerebral hemispheres -
q -
Class: Mammalia
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Order: Philidota Pangolins
1 fam., 1 genus, 8 species - Characters of Pholidota
-
Order: Pholodota
*"scales" Glutinated hair
*myrmecophagous
*toothless
*long tongue orgininates in STERNUM on modified cartilaginous ribs
*Pyloric portion of stomach modified to act as a gizzard
* Anal scent glands issue fetid oil
* Very Acute olfaction- species specific food selection by olfaction -
q -
Class:Mammalia
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Order: Tublidentata Aardvark
**Only Monotypic Order in Mammalia - Characteristics of Order Tubulidentata
-
Tublidentata
*only monotypic order
*few cheekteeth
*no incisors or canines (lost in fetal dev.)
*no enamel on oculsal surface
*Pulp tubule (in teeth) Name sake
*Very acute olfaction
* Convoluted complex turbinate in rostrum--> surface area for olfactory epithelium
*fossorial
*myrmecophagous
*digitigrade (but not fleet on feet) -
q -
Class: Mammalia
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Order: Lagamorpha
Families: Leporidae- Rabbits and Hares
Ochotonidae- Pikas
WW 2 fam., 13 genera, 80 species
OR 2 fam., 4 genera, 8 species - Characteristics of Lagamorpha
-
*large proportion of mammalian biomass
*thus ecologically dominant
*Dental formula 2/1, 0/0 long diastema
*2nd incisor (peg) behind front incisor
*incisors have enamel on both anterior and posterior surfaces
*fenestrated maxilla (esp. leporidae)
*Cheekteeth are hypsodont (high crowned)
*copraphagous
*herbivores - Difference between Rabbits and Hares respecting reproduction
-
Hares are Born PRECOCIAL
Rabbits are Born ALTRICIAL - Interspecific interactions
-
*Pikas (ochotonidae)are highly territorial
*Arctic Hares are social (herding behavior)
*European rabbits have warrens
****HOWEVER***** most are solitary - A gap between adjacent teeth, e.g. between incisors and cheekteeth in rodents and lagamorhs, artiodactyls, and perissodactyls
- DIASTEMA
- Feeding upon feces (as in lagamorphs, rodents and shrews)
-
Coprophagous
Coprophagy - Neonates that are born in a relatively undeveloped condition (i.e. eyes closed and with minimal fur present)
- Altricial
-
A special type of protein-rich mammalian milk secreted during the first few days before and after birth of young
Why is it important? -
Colostrum
contains ANTIBODIES that confers the mother's immunity to various diseases to the young - Born in a relatively well-developed state (open eyes, with fur, able to move immediately)and requiring minimal parental care.
- Precocial
-
q -
Class: Mammalia
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Order: Rondentia
most diverse mammalian order
WW 28 fam.,418 genera,2016+ species
OR 9 fam., 27 genera, 60 species - Characteristics of Rodentia
-
Order: Rodentia
*most diverse mammalian order
*single fossil group Paramyidae
*dental formula always 1/1,0/0 diastema
*may or may not have cheekteeth
*plantigrade
*Masseter muscle enlarged (aids in horizontal movement of the jaw
*Masster inserts anteriorly on rostrum
*(most ancestral form has middle masseter terminates on zygomatic arch)
*most are herbivores or granivorous
*some are omnivores e.g. Norway Rat
*some are insectivorious
*size range most 20-100 g but Capybara 50 kg
*ecologically diverse - Rodent reproduction
-
Order Rodentia
*induced ovulators (most)
*most have multiple births (Exception hibernators)
* males have an os baculum or penis bone
*may have gestation period prolonged by lactation (important in multibreeders)
*Bruce effect - Bruce Effect
- In mice, the effect of a strange male, or his odor, that causes a female to abort and become receptive
- A reduced heart rate associated with diving or torpor
- bradycardia
- Low-crowned teeth that have rounded, blunt cusps used primarily for crushing
-
Bunodont
Raccons Procyonidae have these and others -
Human evolution
features of the human condition -
Speech
manual dexterity
binocular vision
brachiation
bipedal posture
complex social structure
hidden ovulation - Human evolution why?
-
*Manual dexterity allows for tool use
*Bipedal posture freed the hands to carry objects => favors memory and planning
*"idle hand are the playground for evolution"
*hidden ovulation => UNCERTAIN PATERNITY
*Complex social interactions =>
-speech
-weapons food survival
cohesiveness
sex as a device to ensure group unity
manipulation of male aggression for the good of the group - estrous cycle
-
A sequence of reproductive events inluding hormonal, physiological
and behavioral that typically occur at regular intervals in a femalw mammal; generally divided into four stages:
*Proestrus
*estrus
*metestrus
*diestrus - Hardened , thich area on the skin;e.g. rough patches or outgrowths found on some speices of whales and ceropithecid primates
-
Ischial Callosities (on primates)
excrescences (on whales) - Of the two Suborders of Primates which tends to be nocturnal and which tends to be diurnal
-
Strepsirhini nocturnal Lemurs
Haplorhini diurnal - Where are the mammae on an Aye-Aye?
-
they are low on the abdomen or
INGUINAL - Four families in Xenarthra
-
Order:Xenarthra WW 4 fam, 13 genera, 29 species
ALL HAVE XENARTHROUS ARTICULATION OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
**Dasypodidae-armadillos
**Myrmecophagidae-New world ant eaters
**Bradypodidae-3-toed sloths (9 cervical vertebrae)
**Megalongchidae- 2-toes sloths (6 cervical vertebrae) -
q -
Order: Xenarthra
Family: Bradypodidae
3 toed sloths
9 cervical vertebrae
focal tree small range
returns to the ground to defecate at the base of the focal tree -
q -
Order: Xenarthra
Family: Megalongchidae
two toed sloths
6 cervical vertebrae -
q -
Order:Xenarthra
Family: Dasypodidae
Armadillos
*protected by fused bony scutes
*omnivorous-and/or insectivorous
*powerful digger
*SHED A SINGLE OVUM
- nine-banded one ovum 4 identical twins -
q -
Order: Xenarthra
Family: Myrmecophagidae
New-world ant eaters
*walk on knuckles of front feet( huge claws)
*plantigrade hind feet
*postal route feeder
*pyloric portion of the stomach functions as a gizzard
*toothless
*large salivary glands produce copious sticky saliva -
q -
Order: Cetacea
Suborder: Mysteceti (WW 3F,5G,10sp)
Families: Balaenidae
Balaenopteridae
Eschrichtiidae
Suborder: Odontoceti(WW 9F, 34G, 68sp) -
q -
Order: Cetacea
Suborder: Mysticeti
Family: Balaenopteridae rorquals
*pleated throat -
q -
Order:Cetacae
Suborder: Mysticeti
Family: Eschrichitidae
Gray whales -
q -
Order:Cetacea
Suborder: Mysticeti
Family: Balaenidae
Bowheads, N, S, Right Whales -
q -
Order: Cetacea
Suborder: Odontoceti
toothed whales - Characters of Order Cetacea
-
Cetacea
1.Obligate aquatic
2.fusiform body shape
3.front limbs are modified into flippers
4.hind limbs internal vestigial
(not connected to axial skeleton)
5. horizontal flukes
6. external nares migrated to dorsal surface of the head
7. premaxillary and maxillary have telescoped to form most of the roof of the skull
8. generally thick layer of blubber
9. Have rete mirabile in flukes and tongue (i.e. counter current heat exchangers) - Adaptations for diving
-
1.Two layers of capillaries in lungs for quick gas exchange
2. 2x erythrocytes (hematocrit= #RBC/vol blood)
3. 2-9 x myoglobin
4.bradycardia =slowed heart rate
5. shunt blood away from non-vital organs
6.physiological adaptations
*tolerant to lactic acid
* tolerant to CO2
Utilize up to 12% of O2 vs 4% for most mammals - Characters of the Order Carnivora
-
Carnivora
1. all have relatively large slightly re-curved canines
2. most have carnassial teeth (cutting shearing)
*Upper Premolar #4 lower Molar #1
3. all except Hyaenidae have Os baculum
4. Condyloid process usually articulates in a trench like GLENOID FOSSA
*lessens lateral movement of jaw
5. all have tapetum lucidum
6. most carnivora are omnivorous
*Felids and Mustelids are most carnivorous
7. In terrestrial carnovors olfaction is their primary sense
8. most have a Sibaceaous gland - a reflective layer, made of guanine crystals, lying outside the receptor layer of the retina that causes "eye shine"
-
Tapetum Lucidum
this structure aids in night vision by reflecting light that has passed through the receptor layer once and causes it to pass through the receptive layer a second time. - Carnivora suborders and families
-
Order:Carniovra
Suborder: Caniformia
Families: Canidae
Mustelidae
Mephitidae
Ursidae
Procyonidae
-----------
Phocidae
Odobenidae
Otariidae
Suborder: Feliformia
Families: Felidae
Hyaenidae
Viverridae
Herpestidae - In odontocete dolphins cavity filled with oil used to focus sound for echolocation
- Melon
- The auditory bullae and the middle ear apparatus of whales; not fused to the skull so that the direction of incoming sound waves can be determined.
- tympanoperiotic
- within the suborder Caniformia the families ursidae and mustelidae are thought to be most closely related to what two families of marine mammals respectively
-
Mustelidae --> Phocidae
Ursidae --> Otariidae - What fossil group are thought to be the "root stock" for all rodents
- Paramyidae ~late Paleocene ~ 55 mya
- What three orders are included in the unofficial group "Subungulates"
-
Proboscidea
Hyracoidea
Sirenia - Characters of the order Proboscidea
-
Elephants 1 family 2 genus 2 species
Mammoths lived until ~ 4700 years ago on Wrangle Island
1. 1 primary functional tooth
2. definite horizontal tooth replacement
3.tooth molariform
4. long gestation 20months 1-2 years of lactation
5 megaherbivore--> influences rates and patterns of recruitment (plants)
6. Tusks upper incisor
7. Skulls have pneumatic cavities - Characters of order Hyracoidea
-
Hyraxes
1. dental formula 1/2,0/0 diastema
2.plantigrade- 4 dig.frt. 3 Dig. bk.
3. maybe heterothermic
sleep in piles and bask
4. most are herbivores
5.dorsal skin gland -group cohesion?
6.Precocial young
7.8 Month gestation
8. 1-6 young - definite horizontal tooth replacement:
-
definite: there are a finite number of teeth in a life time
horizontal: teeth move forward or to replace teeth that are worn-out -
Manatees and Dugongs
Order and families -
Both are in the Order Sirenia
Trichechidae --> manatees
Dugongidae --> Dugongs - Contrast the two families of Sirenia
-
Trichechidae: 6 cervical vertebrae
*spoon shaped tail
*premaxillary small
*nasal bone present
*teeth with indefinite horizontal tooth replacement
Dugongidae:
*notched tail
*premaxillary large
*nasal bones absent
*very few teeth - The skeletal bones of Trichechidae and Dugongidae are large and dense, what is the term for this
- pachyostotic
-
Common features of "ungulates"
(Orders Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla) -
*Hooves= Nails
*ungulagrade
*nuchal ligament-->calaginous tissue
*springing ligament--> elastin fibers
*almost all are herbivore
*all have large fermentation chamber - Perissodactyla
-
WW: 3 fam. 6 genera, 16 sp (most endg.)
*Origin NA
*greatest diversity in Eocene (~50 mya)
*decline ~25 mya coincident with rise of Artiodactyla
*monogastric w/caecum
*Mesaxonic
*variable tooth number
(rhinos 24-34, horses 36-42, Tapirs 44)
SPINE NOT FLEXIBLE - A complex mass of intertwined capillaries specialized for exchange of heat or dissolved substances between counter current flowing blood
- rete mirablie
- A group withn the generalized ancestral Order Condylarthra from which what orders are thought to have evolved from?
-
Also called the Subungulates
Probosidea
Hyracoidea
Serinia -
Having a weight-bearing axis of a limb pass through the third digit_________
as in the order____________ -
Mesaxonic
Perissodactyla - Having a weight-bearing axis of a limb pass through the third and fourth digits is called_____________ as in the order ____________.
-
paraxonic
Artiodactyla - Order of "ungulates" with paraxonic limbs
-
Artiodactyla
WW 10 families 80 genera 220 sp.
native to all land areas except Australia
ruminants
Flexible SPINE -
q - Order: Proboscidea
-
q - Order: Hyracoidea
-
q -
Order: Sirenia
Family: Dugongidae -
q -
Order: Sirenia
Family: Trichechidae -
q - Order: Perissodactyla
-
q - Order: Artiodactyla
-
q -
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Mephitidae -
q -
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Canidae -
q -
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
family Otariidae -
q -
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Family : Odobenidae -
q -
Order: Carnivora
Subfamily : Feliformia
Family: Felidae -
q - Order: Carnivoria
-
q -
Order: Carnivoria
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Procyonidae -
q -
Order: Carnivora
Suborder:Caniformia
Family: Phocidae -
q -
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Family : Ursidae -
q -
Order; Carniovria
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Mustelidae -
q -
Order: Carnivoria
Suborder: Feliformia
Family Viverridae -
q -
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family Herpestidae -
q -
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Hyaenidae - Characters of Order Montremata
-
epipubic bone in both sexes
sperm are filiform
Cloaca
no teeth
mammary glands
no teats - four parts of a ruminant stomach
-
1. Reticulum
2. Omasum
3. Rumen
4. Abomasum -
"True" stomach in ruminats
has acid and kills symbiotic microorganisms - Abomasum
- Teeth with low crowns
- brachyodont
- cheekteeth charaterized by transverse ridges on their grinding surfaces
- lophodont
- six families included in the sub order Ruminantia
-
Traqulidae
Moschidae
Giraffidae
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Cervidae - three of the four chambers of a ruminant stomach are derived from the _________.
- the rumen reticulum and the omasum are derived from the esophagous
- The microbes in ruminants break down cellulose to produce
-
VFA volatile fatty acids such as
Acetic acid Butric Acid and Proprionic Acid (-> succinyl-CoA-> ->->glucose) - Ruminant saliva
-
use urea to produce saliva
thus liquidy and alkaline
*microbes use urea as non-protein nitrogen to build their own proteins - Hindgut fermentation occurs in the
- Cecum
- Part of ruminant stomach that where the "cud" is formed
- reticulum
- reasons why foregut fermentation tends to be more efficient thatn hindgut fermentation
-
1.microbes work before the small intestine
2. mirobes digested for food source in Abomasum (by acids)
3.rumen can detoxify alkaloids in plants - general name for lemmings and voles
- arvicolines
- Stages in estorus cycle
-
Anestrous -> Proestrous -> 1.Estrous -> Fertilization-> gestation-> parturition -> lactation -anestrous
OR
2a.Estrous-> no fert. Metestrous -> anestrous
(monoestrous)
2b. Estrous -> no fert. -> metestrous -> diestrous ->proestrous (polyestrous) - If a female mammal is not fertilized during estrous and moves from metestrous to anestrous this animal is said to be
-
monestrous
e.g. panda - If a female mammal is not fertilized during estrous and moves from metestrous to proestrous this animal is said to be
-
polyestrous
e.g deer - the development of sperm is called
- spermatogenesis
- Hormones involved in the estrous cycle
-
FSH (anterior pituitary)
LH (posterior pituitary)
Progestrone (ovaries)
estrogen (ovaries) - hormone levels in estrous cycle
-
Follicle stimulating hormone
*produced in low levels by the anterior pituitary
*stimulates follicular growth
*growing follicle releases estrogen
*low levels of estrogen retard FSH and LH
*sharpe rise in estrogen as follicle matures causes sharp increase in FSH and LH
*ovulation occurs FSH and LH levels drop
*Corpus luteum grows produces high levels of progestrone and estrogen
*progestrone
-inhibit FSH (stops maturation of other follicles)
-stimulates LH -> thickening of endometrium - releases progestrone and estrogen after a follicle ruptures
- corpus luteum
-
hormone:
*stimulates production of LH
*prepares uterus for implantation
*inhibits FSH production during pregnancy
*produced in the corpus luteum - progesterone
-
q -
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Order: Diprotodontia
*shortened dentary bone
*elongated lower incisors
Koala other e.g. Kangaroo
(40 genera, 110 sp.) -
A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary that causes contractions of the uterus during parturition, enhances milk "letdown", and is important for imprinting
e.g. parrie voles(mates) and ofspring/mother - oxytocin
- A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that has actions relating to reproduction and water balance. e.g. milk production, and corpus luteum function
- prolactin
- A condition found in some neotropical bats ans characterizeed by a reduced growth rate of the embryo following implantation.
-
Delayed development
e.g.micro- and megachiropteria,
possible response to unpredicatble insect species(prey) - The postponement of embeding of the blastocyst in the uterine epithelium for several days or months
-
delayed implantation
some insectivora, rodents,(facultative) bears, mustelids, seals, armadillos (obligate), some bats, 2 sp. roe deer. - A period of arrested development of an embryo at the stage of bastocyst(70-100 cells)
-
Embryonic diapause
changes in lactation i.e. prolonged bouts of lactation
kangaroos, and wallabies (Diprotodontia) - detriments to groups living
-
*increased exposure to disease/parasites
*Competition for:Resources=
(Food mates space) - Potential benifits of group living
-
protection from predators:
a)group defense
b)selfish herd phenomenon (minimize prob. of mortality)
c)multiply eyes, ears and noses
More efficient capture/explotation of food
(e.g.more time to eat per animal/per watchout)
THUS energeticly efficient - "corner stone of mammalian sociality"
-
LActation
mother/infant connection =all mammals
physical/chemical connection
THUS mammals have matrilineal sociality - Communication types
-
olfaction: musk glands
absentee com. urine feces scratching, foot fall
expression: eyes ears mouth - a retraction of the upper lip exhibited soon after sniffing the anogenital region of another or while investigating freshly voided urine
- flehmen
- living and breeding near the place of birth
- philopatric
- a mating system in which both males and females mate with several members of the opposite sex
- polygamy
- a mating system in which some males obtain more than one mate and females provide most of the care of ofspring
- polygyny
- selection favoring rapid rates of reproduction and growth; especially amoung species that specialize in colonizing short-lived unstabel habitats
- r-selection
- the gradual deterioration of function in an organism with age,leading to increased probability of death
- senecence
- Features of Eutherian reproduction
-
*Internal fertilization
*embryo implantation
*prolonged development
*chroionic villi
*chorio-allantoic placenta
*gestation much longer
*precocial young
*vestigial yolk sac
*active transport of nutrients and metabolic wastes - Features of Metatheiran reproduction
-
*Internal fertilization
*embryo nourished by uterine glands (not milk)
*small yolk sac
*membranes of the Ovum homologous with reptilian ovum
* chrio-vitelline placenta
*embryo NOT nourished by maternal blood supply - Features of Prototherian reproduction
-
*Internal fertilization
*large egg~ 3mm -> passes to oviduct
*no gestation -> egg laid
*embryo lives on stored yolk
*glandular fields in oviduct secrete substances add albumin to egg - Mature follicle-last stage before ovulation
- Graafiam follicle -> ruptures egg expelled
- Darwin's four potulates
-
1)VARIATION: There are differences between indivduals within a population
2)Inheritance: There is a correspondence between the characteristics of parents and those of their offspring
3)Competition: Survival and reproduction is limmited by available resources (i.e. there are more offspring produced than can possiblly survive)
4)Natural Selection: Correspondence between individual characteristics and survival and reproduction - information potentially conveyed by absentee communication
-
*age
*sex
*date (strength of signal)
*intent (aggression or reproductive phermones) - Uses of absentee communication
-
*avoid conspecific conflict
*find mates
*find group
*resource management (e.g. cougars avoid conflict within overlapping ranges)
**Overall advantage minimize energy expense - Factors that make dispersal a high risk endevour for juvenils
-
*low experience
*low hierarchical status
-> chronic stress -> high mortality - Why do juveniles disperse give the high risk
-
*physically driven out by mothers and other females
*"forced" out by their own physiology
*will have low chance of breeding in maternal home range -
population dynamics
what determines rate of reproduction -
*age of 1st reproduction
*young per year - A form of adaptive hypothermia or dormancy in which body temperature, heart rate, and respiration are lowered
- torpor
- Behavioral adaptations for optimizing energy budgets
-
*migration
*hibernation
*prolonged inactivity
*basking
*daily activity patterns (i.e. nocturnal to avoid heat)
*fossorial
*wallowing
*water storage - adaptation in Oryx that allow body temp to rise up 113 degrees fahrenheit and yet keep theri brain cool
- sinus cavernosum
- Two type of population cycles
-
Short cycle:3-5 yrs.(vicolines=lemmings, voles)non-synchronous
long cycle: 9-10 (snowshoe hares/lynx, musk rats)synchonous across continents but not between continents
**Cause trophic dynamic=forage resource and predators
explains more cycling in northern latitudes slower bio/geo cycling - bones of the mammalian ear are homologus with
-
bones of the lower jaw in earlier vertebrates
articular=>malleus
quadrate=>incus
stapes=>stapes