psychology
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Voluntarism
- Attention is actively controlled by intentions and motives
- Nature-Nurture
- Does a persons tendencies and actions derive from there upbringing, or by environmental cues.
- Gestalt Psychology
- Mind plays role in how we perceive things. Furthermore, Gestalt Psychologists wanted to study how we perceive objects as whole patterns.
- Freud's belief of unresolved conflicts in developmental stage
- Fixation
- Correlational Experiment
- [Research Method] Strength: Give Intrigue into further experiments. Limit: No cause and Effect
- Physiological Psychology
- Studies the effects of natural substances that act as chemical messengers (Hormones, adrenaline etc...) Psychoactive medications. Brain and CNS development, function, and shortcomings.
- Case Study
- [Research Method] Strength Depth. Limit: Not representative
- Pavlov
- [Behaviorism], Classical Conditioning- association of stimulus and response (S-R)
- Counseling Psychology
- [Psychology Field]Concerned with "normal problems of adjustment some of us face at some point, such as a career or coping with marital problems
- Consciousness separate
- Tichtner
- Random Sample
- Every subject has equal chance of being selected
- Participants/Subjects
- People studied
- Diversity-Universality
- To what extent is every person, Unique or the same as others.
- Wundt
- Objective Introspection
- Hammen Et all (2000)
- [Naturalistic Observation] Designed to study why some patients with bipolar disorder are more likely to adjust successfully to the workplace than others. By carefully studying 52 people over a 2-year period in their natural settings, these authors found out that people who displayed the most successful work adjustment were those that also had strong supportive personal relationships with other people. Stressful life events did not seem to play a role
- Race
- Subpopulation identifiable by skin color or characteristics (Japanese, Hispanics). Seen as biological (Nature)
- Control Group
- Does not receive treatment. stays the same
- Survey
- [Research Method] Strength: Mass information Limit: suggestibility and writing
- Skinner
- [Determinism] Operant condition- Reward Punishment (rat with lever and food)No free will
- Freud
- [Psychodynamic Analysis] No free will. Bipolar disorder. Internal conflicts drive people. Instant gratification nessesary . No Free will
- Cognitive
- Mental process. How we process information. How we think,learn, remember, and decision making (main Focus) They askedquestions such as how do we learn, if we don't process the information
- Observer Bias
- Explications or biases of the observer that might distort or influence his or her interpretation of what was actually observed
- Freud Research method
- Case Study
- Psychodynamic Theory
- [Freud] Free will an illusion. Repressed unconciseness impulses affect conscious thoughts and behaviors
- James
- [Functionalism] Found the link between Physiology and Philosophy. Pure sensations without associations- does not exist. Studied how humans we use perception to function in environment.
- Peace Psychology
- [Psychology Field]Study of tranquility?
- Independent Variable
- Cause and Effect. Manipulated.
- Watson
- [Behaviorism Expanded]Little Albert experiment- Was able to condition a baby to a traumatic state by a rat. Thinking feeling awarness of self are nothing more than physiological changes
- Hypothesis
- Testable Prediction derived from a theory
- Representative Sample
- Corresponds to large population
- Personality Psychology
- [Psychology Field]Study the differences among individuals in such traits as anxiety, sociability, self-esteem, etc...
- Functionalism
- Theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its enviornment
- Evolutionary Psychology
- [Psychology Field]An approach to, and subfield of, psychology that is concerned with the evolutionary of behaviors and mental processes, their adaptive value, and the purpose they continue to serve. The adaptive values of behaviors and mental processes
- Social Psychology
- [Psychology Field]Study how people influence one another, they explore issues such as first impressions and interpersonal attraction; how attitudes are formed,maintained, or changed; prejudice and persuasion; conformity and obedience to authority etc...
- Calkins
- Student of William James . Developed theory of Self-psychology, an important research technique for studying verbal learning (Furumoto 1980)
- Dependent Variable
- Effect. The variable that is measured by experimenter
- Stability-Change
- Are the charecteristics we devolop in childhood more or less permanent and fixed, or do we change into predictable (unpredictable as well) ways
- Consciousness Integrated
- William James
- Control
- Group that is used for comparison and does not receive treatment
- Naturalistic Observation
- [Research Method] Strength: Real World Response, Actual Scenario. Limit: Only Visual Inferences.
- Gender Roles
- Cultural expectations regarding acceptable behavior (Women cook and Clean)
- Experimental Group
- Receives treatment
- Clinical Psychology
- [Psychology Field] Interested in diagnosis, cause, and treatment of psychological disorders
- Washburn
- First woman to receive Ph.D; Wrote books such as: Movment and Mental Imagery (imagery in directing thought and activity). APA president 1921
- Person-Situation
- To what extent is behavior caused by processes that occur inside a person. Or to what extent cues in the enviornment influence others
- Behaviorism
- Watson's Theory
- Milgram Experiment
- [Case Study] Obedience. Led participants to believe that they were teaching, yet they were really being studied for obedience. Shock Generator Test. Huge ethics problem.
- Gender Stereotypes
- Characteristics that are assumed to be typical of each sex
- Experimental Psychology
- [Psychology Field]Conduct research based on psychological processes, including learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation, and emotion
- Tichtner
- [Structuralism] - Broke down consciousness into three major elements: physical sensations, feelings, images. Tichtner saw psychology roles as identifying these elements and showing how they can be combined and integrated. Perception based on associations with past experiences.
- Developmental Psychology
- [Psychology Field]Study human mental and physical growth from the prenatal period through childhood, adolescence adulthood, and old age. Universal patterns of development and in cultural and individual variations.
- Structuralism
- School of psychology that stressed the basic units of experience and the combination in which they occur [ Tichtner]
- Adler
- Believed that a child must overcome sense of inferiority
- Sample
- Small Representative sub section of a larger population
- Unconscious Desires control our behavior
- What did Freud Believe in
- Ethics
- Milgram caused large debate over his _____. After which the APA published a code stating what each research study must have
- Mind-Body
- How are mind and body connected?
- Positive Psychology
- [Psychology Field]Study of the subjective feelings of happiness and well-being. Focus on positive attitude and you will get what you want belief.
- Experimental
- [Research Method]Strength: Strict control of variables, able to draw conclusions and cause and effects. Limit: The lab setting may alter subjects response. Some variables cannot be controlled.
- Ethnicity
- Common Cultural Heritage, such as religion language, or ancestry where your from (nurture)