Psychology Test 3
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Language
- a system of symbols that follows social rules
- Linguists
- study the structure of language
- Psycholinguists
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-combined psychology and linguistics
-study the development of language, thought, symbols and the social use of language - phonemes
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basic perceptual units of language
sounds made in a language - phonetic expansions
- babies make all sounds in all languages
- 3 stages of Phonetic Expansions
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-cooing
-babble
-phonetic contraction - cooing
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-2-3 months
-open ended vowel sounds - babble
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-6-10 months
-constonant and vowel sounds together in repeated syllables - phonetic contraction
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-9-10 months
-stop producing sounds not in their native language - morphemes
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smallest meaningful unit of language
rat - 1 morpheme
rats - 2 morphemes - Berko - Gleason
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did an experiment to learn if children learn inflections from rules or hearing the words
-they learn from rules - syntax
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-grammar
-rules that specify the order for putting words together
-subject, verb, predicate - semantics
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-the meaning of the message
-influenced by verbal and nonverbal messages - B.F. Skinner
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-children aquire syntax through operand conditioning
-children use words and get positive result from adult - Chompsky
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-said children learn principles for language because they are inate
-language acquistion device (LAD) - 4 reasons inflections are inate (according to chompsky)
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-children learn language no matter what language from 18months to 2 years
-kids overregularize language- children will appy regular rules of inflection to irregualar examples(goose-gooses)
-use telegraphic speech-make simple sentances with only critical words(mommy go work)
-infant directed speech(motherese) high pitch, simple grammar, slow pace - Developmental Psych
- study of how we change
- Piaget
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studied cognitive development in children and how they see the world
-first to say that younger children think different from older children - 4 stage model of cognitive development (piaget)
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-sensory-motor period
-preoperational period
-concrete operations
-formal operational period - Sensory Motor period
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-0-2 years
-children have no built cognitive abilities(babies are born with no thoughts
-all knowledge is dependent on the child's actions
-reflexes
-babies actions change and knowledge changes and thought becomes internalized - Rooting Reflex (S-MP)
- touch cheek, baby will turn head towards touch (food)
- Object Permanence (S-MP)
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-6-8 months
-knowledge that an object exists even when the baby is not doing anything to it - Deferred Imitation (S-MP)
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-18 months
-child imitates an absent model, pretend play imagination - Beginning of Representational Thought (S-MP)
- hold symbols and ideas in their head that stand for something (language)
- Preoperational Period
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-2-7 years
-thought is internalized, symbolic but not logical(lots of cogitive errors) - conservation(PP)
- confusion by appearence(water cups)
- egocentrism(pp)
- self centered understanding of the world/difficulty taking the perception of others
- Concrete Operations
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-7-12 years
-thought becomes logical, but it is tied to real world events (mathematical operations)
-no abstract thoughts - Formal Operational Period
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-12 and up
-abstract thought from hypothetical situations
-algebra, scientific method
-systematically solving problems (if ->then) - 2 Criticisms of Piaget
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-children show variations of cognitive abilities ealier then piaget believed (children are also no as egocentric as piaget believed (teach younger children))
-babies are more mentally active and alert then piaget thought (learn what mom looks like 1-2 days old) -
Moral Devleopment
Piaget and Kohlberg -
-cognitive psych
-how we think and make decisions about morality
-how children acquire and understand rules - 3 stages of rules (by age)
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-before age 5-very little understanding of rules
-age 6-first real understanding of rules, but are taken to extreme, rules come from source outside themselves(god, police), harsh penalties to those who break rules, difficulty distinguishing between intention and outcome
-age 10- kida are more flexable with rules - cross-sectional study
- study differnt individuals at different ages at the same time
- logitudinal study
- study the same individuals over time as they age
- heinz dilemma
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-kohlberg presented childre with this dilemma
-man with wife who is dying, must steal drugs