Underststanding Psychology 1 & 2
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- What are three major roles of psychologists?
- teacher, scientist, and clinical practitioner
- What degree do most psychologists have and what level of schooling is needed?
- Most have a doctorate (Ph.D.(doctor of philosophy)or a Psy.D.(doctor of psychology). Both take about 4-5 years beyond a bachelor's degree.
- Define structuralism.
- Wilhelm Wundt's approach which focuses on the fundamental elements that form the foundation of thinking, conciousness, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities.
- Define introspection.
- a procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe what they are experiencing in response to a stimulus-not scientific
- Define functionalism.
- an early approach to psychology that focused on what the mind does-and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to environment
- What is the Gestalt psychology?
- An approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a whole sense rather than on the individual elements of perception
- What are the five major perspectives of psychology?
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1. Neuroscience
2. Psychodynamic
3. Behavioral
4. Cognitive
5. Humanistic - What is the neuroscience perspective?
- the approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions
- What is the psychodynamic perspective?
- The approach based on the belief that behavior is motivated by the unconcious inner forces over which the individual has little control
- What is the behavioral perspective?
- The approach that suggests that observable behavior should be the focus of study
- What is the cognitve perspective?
- The approach that focuses on how people think, understand and know about the world
- What is the humanistic perspective?
- suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior
- Explain the difference between free will and determinism.
- Free will is the ability to freely make decisions about one's own behavior and life. Determinism sees behsvior as beyond the person's control
- What is information processing?
- how information is inputted, transformed, stored and retrieved
- What are the five major issues in psychology?
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1. nature vs. nurture
2. concious vs. unconscious dterminants of behavior
3. observable behavior vs. internal mental processes
4. free will vs. determinism
5. individual differences vs. universal principles - What is operationalization?
- the process of translating a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed
- What is correlational research?
- Research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or "correlated"
- What is a variable?
- Behviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way.
- Explain a positive correlation.
- indicates that as the value of one variable increases, we can predict that the value of the other variable will increase
- Explain a negative correlation.
- as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases
- Experimental manipulation
- The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation
- Treatment
- The manipulation implemented by the experimenter
- Experimental group
- Any group participating in an experiment that receives treatment
- Control group
- a group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment
- Random assignment to condition
- a procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or "conditions" on the basis of chance and chance alone
- Significant outcome
- Meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses
- Name 4 guidelines by the APA (American Psychological Association) aimed at protecting participants in research.
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1 protection from physical and mental harm
2 right to privacy regarding behavior
3 assurance that participation is voluntary
4 necessity of informing participants of nature of procedures - What is informed consent?
- a document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve
- Experimental bias
- factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment
- Placebo
- a false treatment, such as a pill, "drug", or other substance, without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient
- What do Empiricists believe?
- all ideas are based on experience, Our knowledge is based on ideas, Sensations and reflections are the basis of our experiences.
- Name 2 Empiricists
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John Locke (1632-1704)
and G. Berkeley (1685-1753) - Who started the first laboratory in psychology?
- 1875 William James Functionalist(1842-1910)
- What did Wilhelm Wundt believe?
- Psychology was the study of conciousness Structuralist
- Discuss the beliefs of Aristotle
- Born 384 B.C. he believed there was a relationship between the mind and body; but thought the brain was a radiator for the body to cool it down by pushing water throughout,felt goal of life was happiness
- Discuss what Decarte believed
- French philosopher believed that the mind and body interracted, believed in laws of motion and matter, reflex/stimulus, brain used to inflate the body, soul is not mind
- Name 3 behaviorists
- Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner
- Name 3 humanists
- Rogers, Maslov, May-believed humans are innately successful and healthy, believed in free will and ability to control own destiny
- Define mean
- average; takes in all factors
- median
- middle
- validity
- test tests what the test will test
- reliability
- consistency; should not see much change
- Rosenthal Effect
- Tested students and reversed scores/informed teachers/ higher grades went to dull students