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Gram (+) rods

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neurotoxin blocks Ca2+ in axon prohibiting Ach release
Clostridium botulinum
anaerobic rod whose toxin inhibits GABA release
Clostridium tetani
Virulence of Bacillus anthracis:
anti-phagocytic protein capsule, exotoxin & capsule plasmids
Toxins of Bacillus anthracis:
Protective antigen (PA), Edema factor (EF), Lethal factor (LF)
Treatment of Bacillus anthracis:
Penicillin G, Erythromycin, vaccine (PA)
Virulence of Bacillus cereus:
Endospores, motile, nonencapsulated
Toxins of Bacillus cereus:
Heat labile & stable enterotoxins
Treatment of Bacillus cereus:
Vancomycin, Clindamycin; penicillin resistance, no treatment for enterotoxin-derived food poisoning
Virulence of Clostridium botulinum:
Antigen H, endospores
Pathology of Clostridium botulinum:
infantile flaccid paralysis (non-life-threatening), adult muscle weakness & respiratory paralysis
Treatment of Clostridium botulinum:
Antitoxin, penicillin, hyperbaric O2, intubation
Diagnosis of Clostridium botulinum:
Gram (+), death of serum-injected mice
Virulence of Clostridium perfringes:
endospores, non-motile
Toxins of Clostridium perfringes:
Alpha toxin (lecithinase), tissue destructive enzymes
Pathology of Clostridium perfringes:
Gaseous Gangrene
Treatment of Clostridium perfringes:
Surgery (amputation), penicillin, clindamycin, hyperbaric O2
Virulence of Clostridium difficile:
H-antigen, endospores
Toxins of Clostridium difficile:
Toxin A (diarrhea), Toxin B (colonic epithelium)
Pathology of Clostridium difficile:
antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enterocolitis
Treatment of Clostridium difficile:
metronidazole, oral vancomycin; termination of enterocolitis-causing antibiotic
Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile:
colonoscopy, immunoassay test
Virulence of Corynebacterium diptheriae:
forms pseudomembrane in pharynx
Toxins of Corynebacterium diptheriae:
bacteriophage exotoxin (A subunit blocks protein synthesis by inhibiting EF2, B subunit facilitates entry)
Treatment of Corynebacterium diptheriae:
Antitoxin, Penicillin or Erythromycin, DPT vaccine
Diagnosis of Corynebacterium diptheriae:
Gram (+) "chinese letters", reddish on methylene blue slide (Loffler's medium), dark black on Potassium tellurite
Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes:
H-antigen, hemolysin
Toxins of Listeria monocytogenes:
Endotoxin (LPS); only LPS-containing Gram (+)
Pathology of Listeria monocytogenes:
Neonatal & immunocompromized meningitis, septicemia
Treatment of Listeria monocytogenes:
Ampicillin, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazome

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