Gram (+) rods
Terms
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- neurotoxin blocks Ca2+ in axon prohibiting Ach release
- Clostridium botulinum
- anaerobic rod whose toxin inhibits GABA release
- Clostridium tetani
- Virulence of Bacillus anthracis:
- anti-phagocytic protein capsule, exotoxin & capsule plasmids
- Toxins of Bacillus anthracis:
- Protective antigen (PA), Edema factor (EF), Lethal factor (LF)
- Treatment of Bacillus anthracis:
- Penicillin G, Erythromycin, vaccine (PA)
- Virulence of Bacillus cereus:
- Endospores, motile, nonencapsulated
- Toxins of Bacillus cereus:
- Heat labile & stable enterotoxins
- Treatment of Bacillus cereus:
- Vancomycin, Clindamycin; penicillin resistance, no treatment for enterotoxin-derived food poisoning
- Virulence of Clostridium botulinum:
- Antigen H, endospores
- Pathology of Clostridium botulinum:
- infantile flaccid paralysis (non-life-threatening), adult muscle weakness & respiratory paralysis
- Treatment of Clostridium botulinum:
- Antitoxin, penicillin, hyperbaric O2, intubation
- Diagnosis of Clostridium botulinum:
- Gram (+), death of serum-injected mice
- Virulence of Clostridium perfringes:
- endospores, non-motile
- Toxins of Clostridium perfringes:
- Alpha toxin (lecithinase), tissue destructive enzymes
- Pathology of Clostridium perfringes:
- Gaseous Gangrene
- Treatment of Clostridium perfringes:
- Surgery (amputation), penicillin, clindamycin, hyperbaric O2
- Virulence of Clostridium difficile:
- H-antigen, endospores
- Toxins of Clostridium difficile:
- Toxin A (diarrhea), Toxin B (colonic epithelium)
- Pathology of Clostridium difficile:
- antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enterocolitis
- Treatment of Clostridium difficile:
- metronidazole, oral vancomycin; termination of enterocolitis-causing antibiotic
- Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile:
- colonoscopy, immunoassay test
- Virulence of Corynebacterium diptheriae:
- forms pseudomembrane in pharynx
- Toxins of Corynebacterium diptheriae:
- bacteriophage exotoxin (A subunit blocks protein synthesis by inhibiting EF2, B subunit facilitates entry)
- Treatment of Corynebacterium diptheriae:
- Antitoxin, Penicillin or Erythromycin, DPT vaccine
- Diagnosis of Corynebacterium diptheriae:
- Gram (+) "chinese letters", reddish on methylene blue slide (Loffler's medium), dark black on Potassium tellurite
- Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes:
- H-antigen, hemolysin
- Toxins of Listeria monocytogenes:
- Endotoxin (LPS); only LPS-containing Gram (+)
- Pathology of Listeria monocytogenes:
- Neonatal & immunocompromized meningitis, septicemia
- Treatment of Listeria monocytogenes:
- Ampicillin, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazome