Antibiotics 2
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- This is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against anaerobes, especially bacteroides.
- Chloramphenicol
- The most serious side-effect of high doses of tetracyclines is ...
- Renal injury
- Name the major groups of B-lactam antibiotics
-
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbacephems - Cefazolin is sensative to the B-lactamases of which group?
- The Enterobacteriaceae (which are gram-)
- The macrolides are cleared by the ...
- Liver
- What advantage do the aminopenicillins have over penicillin G?
- Significantly greater activity against gram- bacteria. Especially when combined with B-lactam inhibitors
- The major potential side-effect of chloramphenicol for the patient is ...
- dose-dependant, reversible, bone marrow suppression
- Name some groups of antibiotics effective against anaerobes.
-
Penicillins
Chloramphenicol
the macrolides (erythromycic)
metronidazole
clindamycin
3rd generation cephalosporins -
characterize bacteroides
(gram stain, shape, metabolism) -
Gram-
Rod
Obligate anaerobe - How is penicillin eliminated?
- Renal
- Name 3 tetracyclines.
-
1) tetracycline
2) Oxytetracycline
3) Doxycycline - Name 2 cephalosporins.
-
cefazolin
cephalexin - Describe the spectrum of the aminopenicillins (Amoxicillin, ampicillin).
-
gram+ bacteria
many gram- bacteria such as the enterobacteriaceae - The lincosamides (clindamycin, lincomycin) are cleared by the ...
- Liver
- Describe the enterobacteriaceae (enterics) in terms of gram stain,and metabolism.
-
Gram-
Facultative anaerobes - Name 6 enetrics (enterobactereaceae).
-
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Proteus
Salmonella
Shigella
Yersinia - Describe the spectrum of the cephalosporins.
-
Many enterics
B-lactamase producing Staphylococcus spp. - What major group of microbes are the aminoglycosides not affective against?
-
Anaerobes
(just like the fluoroquinolones) - Name some aminoglycoside antibiotics.
-
gentamycin
tobramycin
amikacin
neomycin -
name 5 common characteristics of lincosamides (clindamycin, lincomycin)
and
macrolides (erythromycin). -
1) excreted by the liver
2) bacteriostatic
3) good against gram+
4) OK against anerobes
5) Most aerobic gram- are resistant - Give the MOA of the macrolides (erythromycin).
- They bind the 50s ribosomal subunit preventing peptide formation.
- What antibiotic is particularly useful against Campylobacter?
- Erythromycin
- Name 2 important anaerobes
-
Clostridium
Bacteroides -
Give the spectrum of the
macrolides (erythromycin)
and
lincosamides(clindamycinm lincomycin) -
Bad against gram-
good against
-staph, strep
-campylobacter
-clostridium
-mycoplasma
-chlamydia
-toxoplasma gondii (clindamycin) - Give the spectrum of the tetracyclines.
-
Gram+
Gram-
Aerobes
Anaerobes
Rickettsia
Ehrlichia
Mycoplasma
***but resistance is widespread & common - Sulfa drugs are cleared by the ...
- kidney AND liver
- Name 2 lincosamide antibiotics.
-
Lincomycin
clindamycin - Name 6 drawbacks to sulfa drugs.
-
1) Immune reactions in black & tan dogs
2) KCS in small dogs
3) Allergic skin reactions
4) Polyarthritis
5) Hypothyroidism
6) Renal injury - Give the spectrum of trimethoprim-sulfonamides.
-
BROAD
-Streptococcus
-Pasteurella
-Proteus
-Salmonella
-Toxoplasma
-Coccidia - What major class of microbes is not covered by the spectrum of the fluoroquinolones?
- Anaerobes
- Fluoroquinolones are cleared by the ...
- Kidneys
- Which class of antibiotics can produce tooth discoloration and inhibit long bone growth in young animals?
- Tetracyclines
- What other benefit besides antimicrobial is there to metronidazole?
- antiinflammatory
- What major side effect has been reported for metronidazole?
- Neurotoxicosis which may recover in 1 to 2 weeks
- Give the spectrum of metronidazole.
-
Anaerobic gram- (bacteroides)
Giardia
Entamoeba
+/- clostridium -
Characterize Clostridium
(gram, shape, metabolism) -
Gram+
Rod
Obligate anaerobe - What 2 classes of antibiotics are the anaerobes immune to?
- Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides
- Characterize Streptococcus.
-
Gram+
Coccus
Facultative anaerobe
catalase- - Cephalosporins: cidal or static?
- Bacteriacidal
- How are the aminoglycosides cleared?
- Kidneys
- Name 2 macrolide antibiotics.
-
Erythromycin
Tylosin - What protozoal infection is clindamycin used for?
- Toxoplasmosis
- Name an important group of gram- facultative bacteria.
- Enterobacteriaceae
- This antibiotic distributes well to bones and joints and so is used for osteomyelitis caused by staphylococcus.
- Clindamycin
- Chloramphenicol is cleared by the ...
-
Liver
(like the macrolides and lincosamides) -
Characterize Staphylococcus
(gram, shape, metabolism) -
Gram+
Coccus
Facultative anaerobe
catalase +