USMLE Step 3: Pediatrics
Terms
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Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention: Metabolic/Congenital -
-hypothyrodism
-phenylketonuria (birth)
-glactosemia
-sickle cell dz -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Anticipatory Guidance -
-water heater < 110-120
-car restraints
-baby to sleep on back (prevent SIDS)
-small objects that baby may aspirate
-no cow's milk before 1 year
-introduce solid foods at 6 months
-keep chemicals out of reach
-supervise in pool/bathtub -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Growth Monitoring -
-Head circumference until 2 years (hydrocephalu, tumor, microcephaly {TORCH- toxoplasmosis, other [syphilis/virus], rubella, CMV, herpes}
-Hight/Weight until adulthood, monitor pattern of growth, if child goes from normal to abnormal curve then is worrisome -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Vision/Hearing -
-Hearing measured at birth and until 4 years (every 2 years)
-Vision measured every few years at 3 until late adolescence
-check red reflex at birth to r/o congenital cataracts (TORCH/reinoblastoma) -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Anmia - -only recommended for pt w/ RF for Fe deficiency during infancy (premature, low birth wt, cows milk in first year, poor diet intake)
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Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Lead -
-exposure can cause neurologic damage (mild LD or ADHD, MR)
-screen high risk children (old building, paint chips, battery recycling plant)
->10ug/dl needs close f/u
-stop exposure, chelation w/succimer or dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Fluoride -
-most don't need supplementation b/c is in tap water (unless in rural areas)
-too much causes mottled bones & teeth
-first dental appt at 3 years -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Vitamin D - -supplement only if high risk (poor maternal intake, little sunlight, dark skin, exclusive breast milk > 6 months)
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Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Tuberculosis -
-screen if risk factors or sx
-HIV, incarceration- yearly
-high risk immigrant population- 4-6 years & 11-16 years -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Urinalysis - -check at age 5
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Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Immunizations- Hepatitis B -
0-1 m
1-4 m
6-18 m
-give first dose at birth w/ HBV immune globulin if mother with active HBV infection -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Immunizations- Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTP) -
2 m
4 m
6 m
15-18 m
4-6 y
Td booster every 10 y -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Immunizations- Haemophilus influenzae, type b -
2 m
4 m
6 m
12-15 m -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Immunizations- Polio (inactive, IPV) -
2 m
4 m
6 m
4-6 u
-avoid in children with anaphylaxis to neomycin or streptomycin -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Immunizations- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) -
12-15 m
4-6 y
-avoid in anaphylaxis to eggs/neomycin and immunodeficiency -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Immunizations- Pneumococcus (heptavalent) -
3 m
4 m
6 m
12-15 m
-give to children > 2 who have immunodeficieny, aspenia, poor splenic function (sickle cell) -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Immunizations- Varicella -
12-18 m
-avoid in immunodeficiency or anaphylaxis to neomycin -
Pediatrics
Screening/Prevention:
Immunizations- Influenza - -children > 6m with immunodeficiency, severe heart/lung dz, or on chronic ASA (prevent Reye syndrome)
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Pediatrics
Infants:
APGAR -
-performed at minutes 1 & 5
-resuscitation/monitoring if > 7
-Heart Rate: absent (0), <100 (1), >100 (2)
-Repiratory effort: none (0), slow, weak cry (1), good, strong cry (2)
-Muscle tone: limp (0), some flexion (1), active motion (2)
-Color: pale/blue (0), pink body/blue extremities (1), pink (2)
-Reflex inrritability: none (0), grimace (1), grimace/strong cry/cough/sneeze (2) -
Pediatrics
Infants:
Umbilical Cord -
-check at birth for 2 arteries, one vein, & abscence of urachus
-if only 1 artery- congenital renal malformation -
Pediatrics
Infants:
Caput succedaneum -
-diffuse swelling/edema of scalp that crosses midline
-birth trauma
-benign -
Pediatrics
Infants:
Cephalhematomas -
-subperiosteal hemorrhages that are sharply limited by sutures and don't cross midline
-birth trauma
-usually benign/self resolving, but rarely may be secondary to scull fracture (may consider Head CT) -
Pediatrics
Infants:
Cavernous hemangiomas -
-appear in first days of life
-increases in size
-gradually resolves in first few years
-no treatment -
Pediatrics
Infants:
Anterior Fontanell -
-usually closes by 18 months
-large or delayed closure may indicated hypothyrodism, hydrocephalus, rickets, or intrauterine grwoth retardation (IUCG) -
Pediatrics
Infants:
Moro/Palmar Grasp reflex - -usually disappears at 6 m