Medical Terminology Final
Terms
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- adenoids
- collections of lymph tissue in the nasopharynx (also called pharyngeal tonsils)
- alveolus
-
air sac in the lung
plural-alveoli - apex of the lung
- uppermost portion of the lung
- apical
- apical means pertaining to the apex
- base of the lung
- lower portion of the lung
- bronchioles
- smallest branches of the bronchi
- bronchus
- branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the air spaces of the lung; bronchial tube
- cilia
- thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract; they clear bacteria & foreign subs. from the lung; smoking cigarettes impairs the func. of cilia
- diaphragm
- muscle separating the chest & abdomen; it's the most impt. muscle for breathing
- epiglottis
- lid-like pc. of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx & trachea during swallowing
- expiration
- breathing out (exhalation)
- hilum
- midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, & nerves enter and exit the lungs
- hilar
- pertaining to the hilum
- inspiration
- breathing in (inhalation)
- larynx
- voice box
- lobe
- division of a lung
- mediastinum
- region b/n the lungs in the chest cavity; it contains the trachea, heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes
- palatine tonsil
- one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphoid tissue in the oropharynx
- paranasal sinus
- one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose
- parietal pleura
- the outer fold of pleura lying closest to the ribs & wall of the thoraic cavity
- pharynx
- throat; composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- pleura
- double-folded membrane surrounding ea. lung
- pleural cavity
- space b/n the folds of the pleura
- trachea
- windpipe
- visceral pleura
- the inner fold of pleura lying closest to the lung tissue
- adenoid/o
- adenoids
- alveol/o
- alveolus; air sac
- bronch/o, bronchi/o
- bronchial tube, bronchus
- bronchiol/o
- bronchiole, small bronchus
- capn/o
- carbon dioxide
- coni/o
- dust
- cyan/o
- blue
- epiglott/o
- epiglottis
- laryng/o
- larynx, voice box
- lob/o
- lobe of the lung
- mediastin/o
- mediastinum
- nas/o
- nose
- orth/o
- straight
- ox/o
- oxygen
- pector/o
- chest
- pharyng/o
- pharynx, throat
- phon/o
- voice
- phren/o
- diaphragm
- pleur/o
- pleura
- pneum/o, pneumon/o
- air, lung
- pulmon/o
- lung
- rhin/o
- nose
- sinus/o
- sinus, cavity
- spir/o
- breathing
- tel/o
- complete
- thorac/o
- chest
- tonsill/o
- tonsils
- trache/o
- trachea, windpipe
- -ema
- condition
- -osmia
- smell
- -pnea
- breathing
- -ptysis
- spitting
- -sphyxia
- pulse
- -thorax
- pleural cavity, chest
- auscultation
- listening to sounds w/n the body
- percussion
- tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure
- rales (crackles)
- abnormal crackling sounds heard during inspiration when there is fluid, blood, or pus in the aveoli
- sputum
- material expelled from the chest by coughing or clearing the throat
- stridor
- strained, high-pitched, noisy sound made on inspiration; assoc. w/ obstruction of the larynx or trachea
- wheezes
- continuous high-pitched whistling sounds heard when air is forced through a narrow space during inspiration & expiration
- croup
- acute viral infection in infants & children; char. by obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor
- diphtheria
- acute infection of the throat & upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium
- epistaxis
- nose bleed
- pertussis (whooping cough)
- bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, & trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis, a highly contagious bacterium
- paroxysmal
- pertaining to a sudden occurence, such as a spasm or seizure; oxysm/o- sudden
- asthma
- chronic inflammatory disorder char. by airway obstruction caused by edema, bronchoconstriction, & increased mucus production
- bronchiectasis
- chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection in the lower lobes of the lung
- purulent
- pus-containing
- palliative
- relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease
-
bronchogenic carcinoma
(lung cancer) - cancerous tumors arising from a bronchus
- chronic bronchitis
- inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time
- cystic fibrosis
- inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick, mucous secretions that don't drain normally
- atelectasis
- incomplete expansion of alveoli; collapsed, functionless, airless lung or portion of a lung; caused by tumor or other obstruction of the bronchus, or poor respiratory effort
- emphysema
- hyperinflation of air sacs w/ destruction of alveolar walls
- pneumoconiosis
- abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, w/ chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
- pneumonia
- acute inflammation & infection of alveoli, which fill w/ pus or products of the inflammatory rct.
- pulmonary abscess
- a lg. collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs
- pulmonary edema
- swelling & fluid in the air sacs & bronchioles
- pulmonary embolism (PE)
- clot (thrombus) or other material lodges in vessels of the lung
- pulmonary fibrosis
- formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
- tuberculosis (TB)
- infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs are usually involved, but any organ in the body may be affected
- pleural effusion
- abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity)
- pleurisy (pleuritis)
- inflammation of the pleura
- pneumothorax
- collection of air in the pleural space
- exudate
- fluid, cells, or other substances (pus) that slowly leave cells or capillaries through pores or small breaks in cell membranes
- hydrothorax
- collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
- pulmonary infarction
- an area of dead (necrotic) tissue in the lung
- pulmonary angiography
- x-ray images taken after injecting radiopaque contrast into the pulmonary artery or right side of the heart
- bronchoscopy
- fiber-optic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of specimens
- endotracheal intubation
- placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, & trachea to establish an airway
- laryngoscopy
- visual examination of the voice box
- lung biopsy
- removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
- mediastinoscopy
- endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
- thoracentesis
- surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space
- thoracotomy
- major surgical incision of the chest
- thorascopy
- visual examination of the chest via small incisions & use of an endoscope
- tracheostomy
- creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
- tube thoracostomy
- chest tube is passed through an opening in the skin of the chest to continuously drain a pleural effusion
- ARDS
-
adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome
(group of sym, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypoxemia, cyanosis-resulting in acute respiratory failure) - Bronch
- bronchoscopy
- COPD
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (airway obstruction associated w/ emphysema & chronic bronchitis0
- CPR
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- CXR
- chest x-ray
- DOE
- dyspnea on exertion
- DPT
- diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (injection in an infant to provide immunity to these diseases)
- ICU
- intensive care unit
- LLL
- left lower lobe (of lung)
- LUL
- left upper lobe (of lung)
- A&P
- auscultation & percussion
- PE
- pulmonary embolism
- RDS
- respiratory distress syndrome
- RLL
- right lower lobe (of lung)
- RSV
- respiratory syncytial virus; in tissue culture forms syncytia or giant cells (cytoplasm flows together); it's a common cause of bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, & the common cold
- RUL
- right upper lobe (of lung)
- SOB
- shortness of breath
- TB
- tuberculosis
- URI
- upper respiratory infection
- respiration
- mechanical process of breathing
- external respiration
- the exchange of air b/n the lungs and external environment
- internal respiration
- involves an exchange of gases at the cells w/n all organs of the body
- erythrocytes
- in the blood carry oxygen to all parts of the body & carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation
- Upper Resp. Disorders
-
croup
diphtheria
epistaxis
pertussis - Bronchial Tube Disorders
-
asthma
bronchiectasis
bronchogenic carcinoma
chronic bronchitis
cystic fibrosis - Lung Disorders
- atelectasis,emphysema, pneumoconiosis, pneumonia, pulmonary abscess, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism (PE), pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis (TB)
- Pleural Disorders
-
pleural effusion
pleurisy (pleuritis)
pneumothorax - nosocomial
- hospital acquired
- bones
- provide the framework for our bodies
- joints
- the places at which bones come together
- orthopedists
- physician that treats bones and bone and joint diseases
- rheumatologists
- physicians who primarily treat joint diseases
- osteopathic physicians (DO)
- practice osteopathy, which is a seperate school of medicine using diagnostic & therapeutic measures based on belief that the body is capable of healing itself when bones are in proper position & adequate nutrition is provided
- chiropractors
- neither physicians nor osteopaths; they manipulate the spinal column, believing that disease is caused by pressure on nerves
- bone processes
- enlarged areas that extend out from bones to serve as attachments for muscles
- bone head
- rounded end of a bone separated from the body of the bone by a neck; usu. covered by articular cartilage
- trochanter
- lg. process on the femur for attachment of tendons and muscle
- tubercle
- rounded process on many bones for attachment of tendons and muscles
- tuberosity
- small rounded elevation on a bone; attachment site for bone and muscle
- condyle
- rounded knuckle-like process at the joint; usu. covered by articular cartilage
- Bone Depressions
-
fossa
fissure
foramen
sinus - frontal bone
- forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes
- parietal bone
- two of these bones (one on each side of the skull) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium
- temporal bone
- two of these bones form the lower sides and base of the cranium; ea. bone encloses an ear & contains a fossa for joining w/ the mandible (lower jaw bone)
- temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
- the area of connection b/n the temporal & mandibular bones
- occipital bone
- forms the back and base of the skull & joins the parietal & temporal bones, forming a suture
- sphenoid bone
- bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes & forms part of the base of the skull
- ethmoid bone
- thin delicate bone that is composed primarily of spongy, cancellous bone (supports nasal cavity & forms part of the orbits of the eye)
- Facial Bones
-
nasal bones
lacrimal bones
maxillary bones
mandibular bone
zygomatic bones
vomer - nasal bones
- 2 slender nasal bones support the bridge of the nose; they join w/ the frontal bone superiorly & form part of the nasal septum
- lacrimal bones
- 2 paired bones are located at the corner of ea. eye
- maxillary bones
- 2 lg. bones compose the massive upper jawbones
- mandibular bone
- the lower jawbone
- zygomatic bones
- 2 bones, 1 on ea. side of the face, form the high portion of the cheek
- vomer
- thin, single, flat bone forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
- Cranial bones
- frontal bones, parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone
- vertebral, spinal column
- composed of 26 bone segments, called vertebrae, arranged in 5 divisions from the base of the skull to the tailbone
- intervertebral disks (discs)
- bones (vertebrae) separated by pads of cartilage
- cervical vertebrae
- the first 7 bones of the vertebral column
- thoraic vertebrae
- the second set of 12 vertebrae
- lumbar vertebrae
- the third set of 5 vertebrae
- sacrum
- slightly curved, triangularly shaped bone
- coccyx
- tailbone
- Bones of the Thorax
-
clavicle
scapula
sternum
ribs - clavicle
- collar bone
- scapula
- shoulder bladee
- sternum
- breastbone
- ribs
- there are 12 pairs of ribs
- true ribs
- ribs 1-7
- false ribs
- ribs 8-10
- floating ribs
- ribs 11 & 12
- Bones of the Arm & Hand
-
humerus
ulna
radius
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges - humerus
- upper arm bone
- ulna
- medial lower arm bone
- olecranon (elbow bone)
- the bony pt. of the elbow when the elbow is bent
- radius
- lateral lower arm bone
- carpals
- wrist bones
- metacarpals
- 5 radiating bones in the fingers; these are the bones of the palm of hand
- phalanges
-
finger bones singular- phalanx
ea. finger (except thumb has 3 phalanges: a proximal, middle, & distal phalanx; the thumb: a proximal & distal) - Bones of the Pelvis
- pelvic girdle
- pelvic girdle
- pelvis
- The adult pelvis is composed of 3 pairs of fused bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis
-
ilium- the uppermost & largest portion
ischium- posterior part of pelvis
pubis- anterior part & 2 pubic bones join by way of a cartilaginous disk - Bone of the Leg & Foot
-
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges of the toes - femur
- thigh bone
- acetabulum
- rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis, which joins the femur, forming the hip joint
- patella
- kneecap
- tibia
- largest of 2 bones of the lower leg
- fibula
- smaller of 2 lower leg bones
- acromion
- outward extension of the shoulder bone forming the pt. of the shoulder; it overlies the shoulder joint & articulates w/ the clavicle
- diaphysis
- shaft, or midportion, of a long bone
- disk (disc)
- flat, round, plate-like structure
- epiphysis
- ea. end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate
- fissure
- narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones
- foramen
- opening or passage in bones where blood vessels, nerves, or both enter and leave
- fossa
- shallow cavity in a bone
- foramen magnum
- opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
- malleolus
- round process on both sides of the ankle joint (lateral malleolus-fibula, medial malleolus-tibia)
- manubrium
- upper portion of the sternum; articulates w/ the medial aspect of the clavicle
- olecranon
- lg process on the proximal end of the ulna; the pt. of the flexed elbow
- sinus
- hollow cavity w/n a bone
- xiphoid process
- lower, narrow portion of the sternum
- calc/o, calci/o
- calcium
- kyph/o
- humpback (posterior curvature in the thoraic region)
- lamin/o
- lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
- lord/o
- curve, swayback (anterior curvature in the lumbar region)
- lumb/o
- loins, lower back
- myel/o
- bone marrow
- oste/o
- bone
- scoli/o
- crooked, bent (lateral curvature)
- spondyl/o
- vertebrae (used to make words about the conditions of the structure)
- vertebr/o
- vertebrae (used to describe the structure)
- -blast
- embryonic or immature cell
- -clast
- to break
- -listhesis
- slipping
- kyphosis
- hump on the back
- lordosis
- the normal anterior curvature of the spinal column in the lumbar region (sway back)
- scoliosis
- the spinal column is bent abnormally to the side
- -malacia
- softening
- -physis
- to grow
- -porosis
- pore, passage
- -tome
- instrument to cut
- acetabul/o
- acetabulum (hip socket)
- calcane/o
- calcaneus (heel bone)
- carp/o
- carpals (wrist bones)
- clavicul/o
- clavicle (collar bone)
- cost/o
- ribs
- crani/o
- cranium (skull bones)