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Intro Pathophysiology

Terms

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Disease
a condition in which the body fails to function normally, i.e., homeostasis cannot be maintained
pathophysiology
– the study of abnormal body function
Idiopathic
when the cause of a disease is unknown
Diagnosis
refers to the identification of a specific disease
Etiology
concerns the causitive factors in a particular disease
biopsy
excision of very small amounts of living tissue for diagnosis and to establish the cause of a disease
autopsy
surgical specimens or examination after death
iatrogenic
a treatment, a procedure, or an error that causes a disease such as a catheterization causing a bladder infection or bone marrow damage from a prescribed drug
predisposing factors
promote development of disease in an individual and indicates a high risk for a particular disease. These factors may include age, gender, an inherited factor, occupational exposure, or a certain dietary component.
pathogenesis
development of disease
acute disease onset
sudden
insidious disease onset
gradual
acute disease
short term
chronic disease
persisting disease
Subclinical state
no obvious manifestations
Latent state
silent
Prodomal period
nonspecific signs
Manifestations of disease
clinical evidence
Signs
objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected individual such as a fever or rash
symptoms
subjective feelings by the patient such as pain or nausea
Lesions
specific changes in the tissue
Syndrome
collection of signs/symptoms
Disagnostic tests
laboratory tests
Remissions
manifestations subside
Exacerbations
“flare-up” of signs/symptoms
precipitating factor
triggers an acute response
complications
new secondary/additional problems
sequelae
aftermath of disease
Therapy
treatment
Convalescence
recovery period
Prognosis
probability/likelihood for recovery
Morbidity
disease rates or measure of disability
Mortality
relative number of deaths
epidemiology
tracking pattern or occurrence
Epidemic
occurs when new cases of a certain disease, in a given human population, and during a given period, substantially exceed what is "expected," based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during a specified period of time is called the "incidence rate")
Pandemic
Global Epidemic
incidence of disease
number of new cases
Communicable disease
spread from one person to another
Notifiable/Reportable diseases
protect public health
atrophy
Decrease in size of cells
hypertrophy
increase in size of cells
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
Metaplasia
Occurs when one mature cell type replaces a different mature cell type (can by an adaptive mechanism)
Dysplasia
Cells vary in shape and size, high rate of mitosis
anaplasia
Cells that are undifferentiated and have variable nuclei and cell structure
Neoplasm
new growth that is commonly called a tumor
benign
tumors that do not spread and are not life threatening; considered less serious unless found in the brain where they can cause pressure related problems
malignant
tumors that are considered cancerous and can spread
ischemia
deficit of oxygen in the cells
hypoxia
deficit of oxygen in the tissue
necrosis
when a group of cells die
causes of Cell Damage and Necrosis
Can be damaged by changes in: Metabolic processes ATP production pH Damage to cell membrane
Ways to Damage Cells
Ischemia-deficit of oxygen in cell Hypoxia-deficit of oxygen in tissue Physical agents, excessive heat/cold, radiation Mechanical damage Pressure/tearing off tissue Chemical toxins, foreign substances Microorganisms Abnormal metabolites accumulate in cells Nutritional deficits Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
Initial Cell Damage
Alteration in metabolic reaction = loss of function Reversible if stimulus removed If stimulus remains, cell dies Lyses, releases lysosomal enzymes = inflammation and damage to nearby cells
Liquefaction necrosis
Dead cells liquify under influence of certain cell enzymes (Ex: Brain tissue)
Coagulative necrosis
Occurs when cell proteins altered or denatured Cells retain some form for a time after death Ex: myocardial infarction

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pathophysiology

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