Med Term Ch 12
Terms
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- -emesis (suffix)
- vomiting
- abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o
- abdomen
- abdominal paracentesis
- puncture of the abdomne for aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (eg. fluid accumulated in ascites)
- abdominal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures (eg. liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and aorta)
- abdominocentesis
- puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid
- an/o
- anus
- anal fistula
- an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula = pipe)
- anal fistulectomy
- excision of an anal fistula
- anastomosis
- union of two bollow vessels; a technique used in bowel surgery
- ankyloglossia
- tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum (ankyl/o = crooked or stiff)
- anorexia
- loss of appetite (orexia = appetite)
- antacid
- drug that neutralizes stomach acid
- antiemetic
- drug that prevents or stops vomiting
- antispasmodic
- drug that decreases motility in the gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea
- anus
- opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
- aphagia
- inability to swallow
- appendectomy
- excision of a diseased appendix
- appendic/o
- appendix
- appendicitis
- inflammation of the appendix
- ascending colon
- portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum
- ascites
- accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ascos = bag)
- bariatric surgery
- treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and/or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food (baros = weight, iatric = pertains to trea
- barium swallow
- x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to locate swallowed objects
- bil/i, chol/e
- bile
- biliary ducts
- ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts
- biopsy (Bx)
- removal and microscopic study of tissue for pathological examination
- bucc/o
- cheek
- buccal
- in the cheek
- capsule endoscopy
- examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are tranmitted to a waist-belt recorder and the downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities; traditional endoscopy cannot
- cardiac sphincter
- opening from the esophagus to the stomach (sphincter = band)
- cathartic
- drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative
- cecum
- first part of the large intestine
- cheeks
- lateral walls of the mouth
- cheil/o
- lip
- cheilitis
- inflammation of the lip
- cheiloplasty
- repair of the lip
- cholangiogram
- x-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery
- cholangitis
- inflammation of the bile ducts
- cholecystectomy
- excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease (eg. cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis)
- cholecystitis
- inflammation of the gallbladder
- cholecystogram
- x-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine
- choledocholithiasis
- presence of stones in the common bile duct
- cholelithiasis
- presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
- cirrhosis
- chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho = yellow)
- col/o, colon/o
- colon
- colitis
- inflammation of the colon (large intestine)
- colon
- portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction of shape
- colonoscopy
- examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope
- colorectal polyps
- benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy
- colostomy
- creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulverative colitis, cancer, or obstructions
- computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen
- cross-sectional x-ray imaging of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract
- constipation
- infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass (constipo = to press together)
- cyst/o
- bladder or sac
- defecation
- evacuation of feces from the rectum
- dent/i
- teeth
- descending colon
- portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon
- diarrhea
- frequent loose or liquid stools
- diverticulitis
- inflammation of diverticula
- diverticulosis
- presence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon
- diverticulum
- an abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber
- doch/o
- duct
- duoden/o
- duodenum
- duodenal ulcer
- ulcer located in the duodenum
- duodenum
- first portion of the small intestine
- dysentery
- inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, bloody stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (eg. amebic dysentery)
- dyspepsia
- indigestion (pepsis = digestion)
- dysphagia
- difficulty in swallowing
- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
- endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreas; includes use of instruments to obtain tissue samples, extract biliary stones, relieve obstructions, etc
- endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
- images produced using a sonographic transducer within and endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts and adjacent structures (eg. biliary ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas); also used to guide needle biopsy of tissue
- endoscopy
- examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or treatment; used in the gastrintestinal tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as biopsy, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions
- enter/o
- small intestine
- enteritis
- inflammation of the small intestine
- epigastric region
- upper middle region below the sternum
- eructation
- belch
- esophag/o
- esophagus
- esophageal varices
- swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage
- esophagitis
- inflammation of the esophagus
- esophagogastroduodenoscopy
- examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures
- esophagoplasty
- repair of the esophagus
- esophagus
- muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach
- excisional biopsy
- removal of an entire lesion
- feces
- waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid
- flatulence
- gas in the stomach or intestines (flatus = a blowing)
- fluroscopy
- x-ray imaging with a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion (eg. during a barium swallow)
- gallbladder
- receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver
- gastr/o
- stomach
- gastrectomy
- partial or complete removal of the stomach
- gastric lavage
- oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and treatment, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding (lavage = to wash)
- gastric resection
- partial removal and repair of the stomach
- gastric ulcer
- ulcer located in the stomach
- gastritis
- inflammation of the stomach
- gastroenterostomy
- formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer
- gastroesophageal reglux disease (GERD)
- backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus
- gingiv/o
- gum
- gingivitis
- inflammation of the gums
- gloss/o, lingu/o
- tongue
- glossectomy
- excision of all or part of the tongue
- glossitis
- inflammation of the tongue
- glossorrhaphy
- suture of the tongue
- gums
- tissue covering the processes of the jaws
- halitosis
- bad breath (halitus = breath)
- hematemesis
- vomiting blood
- hematochezia
- red blood in stool (chezo = defecate)
- hemorrhoid
- swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois = a vein likely to bleed)
- hemorrhoidectomy
- excision of hemorrhoids
- hepat/o, hepatic/o
- liver
- hepatic lobectomy
- excision of a lobe of the liver
- hepatitis
- inflammation of the liver
- hepatitis A
- inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water
- hepatitis B
- inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids
- hepatitis C
- inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually
- hepatomegaly
- enlargement of the liver
- herni/o
- hernia
- hernia
- protrusion of a part from its normal location
- herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty
- repair of a hernia
- hiatal hernia
- protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening of the diaphragm
- hyperbilirubinemia
- excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood
- hypochondriac regions
- upper lateral regions beneath the ribs
- hypogastric region
- region below the navel
- icterus, jaundice
- yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and others tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice = yellow)
- ile/o
- ileum
- ileitis
- inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine
- ileostomy
- surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (eg. ulcerative colitis)
- ileum
- third portion of the small intestine
- incarcerated hernia
- hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction
- incisional biopsy
- removal of a portion of a lesion
- inguin/o
- groin
- inguinal hernia
- protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
- inguinal regions
- lower lateral groin regions
- intussusception
- prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus = within; suscipiens = to take up)
- jejun/o
- jejunum (empty)
- jejunum
- second portion of the small intestine
- laparoscopic cholecystectomy
- excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope
- laparoscopic surgery
- abdominal surgery using a laparoscope
- laparoscopy
- examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery
- laparotomy
- incision into the abdomen
- large intestine
- larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation
- lips
- fleshy structures surrounding the mouth
- lith/o
- stone
- liver
- organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion
- lower gastrointestinal (GI) series, barium enema
- x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contract medium
- lumbar regions
- middle lateral regions
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the gastrointestinal tract
- melena
- dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood
- nasogastric (NG) intubation
- insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis
- nausea
- feeling sick in the stomach
- needle biopsy
- percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle (eg. for liver biopsy)
- omentum
- an extension of th eperitoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs
- or/o, stomat/o
- mouth
- oral cavity, mouth
- cavity that receives food for digestion
- palate
- structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard palate and the soft palate
- pancreas
- gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food
- pancreat/o
- pancreas
- pancreatectomy
- excision of the pancreas
- pancreatitis
- inflammation of the pancreas
- parotiditis, parotitis
- inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps
- pediculated polyp
- projected on a stalk (ped/o = foot)
- peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
- sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastrointestinal system exposed to the gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria (pept/o = to digest)
- peritone/o
- peritoneum
- peritoneal cavity
- space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
- peritoneum
- membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)
- peritonitis
- inflammation of the peritoneum
- phag/o
- eat or swallow
- pharynx
- throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and for air traveling to the larynx
- polypectomy
- excision of polyps
- proct/o
- anus and rectum
- proctitis
- inflammation of the rectum and the anus
- proctoplasty
- repair of the anus and rectum
- proctoscopy
- examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope
- pylor/o
- pylorus (gatekeeper)
- pyloric sphincter
- opening from the stomach into the duodenum
- pyloric stenosis
- narrowed condition of the pylorus
- radiography
- x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract
- rect/o
- rectum
- rectal ampulla
- dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal
- rectum
- distal (end) portion of the large intestine
- salivary glands
- three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: the parotid, the submandibular (submaxillary), and the sublingual glands
- sessile polyp
- lying flat on the surface (sessilis = low growing)
- sial/o
- saliva
- sialoadenitis
- inflammation of a salivary gland
- sigmoid colon
- portion of the colon (resembling an "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum
- sigmoid/o
- sigmoid colon (resembles)
- sigmoidoscopy
- examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope
- small bowel series
- x-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series
- small intestine
- smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach
- sonography
- ultrasound imaging
- steat/o
- fat
- steatorrhea
- feces containing fat
- stomach
- sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus
- stomatitis
- inflammation of the mouth
- stool culture and sensitivity (C&S)
- isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to identify disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed
- stool occult blood study
- chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract
- strangulated hernia
- hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous
- sublingual, hypoglossal
- under the tongue
- teeth
- hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing)
- tongue
- muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by a band-like membrane known as the frenulum
- transverse colon
- portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum
- ulcerative colitis
- chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations
- umbilical hernia
- protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)
- umbilical region
- region of the navel
- upper gastrointestinal (GI) series
- x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, adn duodenum after the patient has swallowed a contract medium; barium is the most commonly used medium
- uvula
- small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate
- vermiform appendix
- worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection
- volvulus
- twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (volvo = to roll)