Bio1A cha 19 & 34
Terms
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- Genetic Engineering
- Efforts to minipulate DNA sequences in organisms.
- Biotechnology
- The minipulation of organism to create products or to cure disease.
- Prions
- An infectious protein that is thought to cause disease by inducing other proteins to assume an abnormal 3D structure
- Reverse Transcriptase
- Catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand from an RNA template
- Genetic Cloning
- The process of producing many identical copies of a gene.
- Complementary DNA (cDNA)
-
DNA created in the lab from an RNA transcription, using
reverse transcriptase, corresponds to a particular gene but lacks introns. - Plasmids
- Small circular DNA molecule, independent of the cell’s chromosome.
- Restriction Endonucleases
-
Bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA molecules at specific base
sequences. - Recognition Site
-
The specific sequence of DNA bases cut by a certain restriction
endonuclease. - Sticky Ends
-
The short, single stranded ends of a DNA molecule cut by restriction
endonuclease. Tend to form Hydrogen bonds w/ each other. - Recombinant DNA technology
-
Ability to create novel DNA sequences by cutting specific
sequences and pasting them into new locations. - Vector
- A vehicle for transferring recombinant genes to a new host.
- Transformation
-
Incorporation of DNA obtained directly from the environment into the
genome. Occurs naturally in some bacteria, can be induced in the lab. - cDNA library
-
A collection of bacterial cells each containing a vector w/ one cDNA from a
particular cell type of tissue. - Probe
-
Single-stranded fragment of a labeled, known gene that binds to a complementary
sequence in the sample being analyzed. - Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
-
An in vitro DNA synthesis over and over to amplify the
number of copies of that sequence. - Taq Polymerase
- Heat-Stable form of a DNA polymerase.
- Dideoxy Polymerase
-
A lab technique for determining the exact nucleotide sequence of DNA.
Relies on the use of dideoxynucleotides triphosphates, which terminate DNA
replication. - Gene Therapy
- The treatment of an inherited disease by introducing normal alleles.
- Stem Cells
- Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to give rise to any tissue cell.
- Gall
- Tumor-like growth that forms on plants that are infected w/ certain bacteria or parasites.
- Virus
- Obligate, intracellular parasite.
- Particle or Agents
- Non-living infectious entity, such as a virus.
- Bacteriophage
- A virus that infects bacteria
- Epidemic
- A disease that affects a large number of people at the same time
- Virulant
- Tended to cause severe disease
- AIDS
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- Immune System
- Body’s defense system against disease
- Capsid
- A shell of protein enclosing the genome of virus particles
- Envelope
-
A membrane-like covering that encloses some viruses and their capsid coats,
shielding them from attack by the host’s immune system - Enveloped
- In a virus, having an envelope surrounding its capsid coat
- Vaccine
- Preparation that primes a host’s immune system to respond to a specific type of virus
- Lytic Replication Virus
-
A type of viral replication in which new virus particles are made
inside a host cell and eventually burst out of the cell, killing it. - Virion
- A singled mature virus particle.
- Antibody
- A protein that binds w/ high specificity to a particular site on another molecule.
- Antigens
- Any foreign molecule that can stimulate a specific response by the immune system.
- Inactivated Viruses
- Not capable of causing an infection
- Attenuated Virus
-
A virus that is functional but has been rendered nonvirulent for a certain
species. Used for vaccines. - Lysogenic Replacation Virus
-
A type of viral replication in which viral DNA is inserted into
the host’s chromosomes, remaining there indefinitely and passively replicating whenever the host cell divides. - CD4
- Particular membrane protein, found on surfaces of thyphocytes
- Co-Receptors
-
Any membrane protein that acts w/ some other membrane protein in a cell
interaction or cell response. - RNA replicase
- A viral enzyme that can synthesis RNA from an RNA template
- RetroVirus
- Viruses that reverse-transcribe their genome
- Protease
-
An enzyme that can break apart proteins, be cleaving the peptide bonds between
amino acids - Combination Therapy
-
Medical therapy that involves dosing an infected patient w/ several
drugs simultaneously, to lessen the chances of the pathogen evolving resistance - Positive-Sense Virus
-
the genome contains the same sequence as the mRNA required to
produce viral proteins. - Negative-Sense Virus
- The base sequence in the genome are complementary to those in viral mRNAs.
- Ambisence Virus
-
Some sections of the genome is positive sense while the other sections are
negative sense. - Emerging Disease
-
New illness that suddenly affects significant numbers of individuals in a
host population - Emerging Virus
-
Any of several pathogenic viruses that suddenly afflict significant numbers of
individuals, often due to changes in host species or host population movements. - Pneumonia
- Inflammation of the lungs
- Syndrom
- A group of symptoms that occur together and have the same cause