HDF 200

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Child development: scientific study of processess of change and stability from conception through adolescence.
Baby Biography: kept by parents. Similar to scrapbooking.
Development Aspects: Charels Darwin said ppl were better understood if their background was known
John Locke (1632-1704): Viewed infant as a blank slate on whom parents and teachers can write to create the kind of person they want.
Jean Jacques Rousseau: noble savages. people are born good and become warped only by repressive envirnments
Charles Darwin: Theory of evolution. natural selection. horses->girafes.
Alfred Binet: developed the first individual intelligence test. standardized testing
John Dewey: Educator. viewed developmental psychology as a tool for fostering socially desirable values. study of children in their social setting.
Maria Montessori: childhood education based on self-chosen activities. simple to complex tasks. no social interaction
Prenatal development: conception-40 wks
Infancy: 1 yrs-3 yrs
Early childhood: 3 yrs- 6yrs
Middle childhood: 6 yrs- puberty
General influences on development: 1. indivdual differences
2. Heredity
3. Environment
4. Maturation
Major contextual influences on development: 1. nuclear family
2. extended family
3. socioeconomic status
4. Risk factors.
5. culture and ethnicity.
nonnormative influence: go through a usual influence at a wrong time.
cohort: a group of people with a shared experience
critical period and sensitive period: time of dev. where something should happen for development to move on.
plasticity: molding brain through experiences. children have more of this than adults.
theory: things we know to be true that can help predict
hypothesis: educated guess. possible explanation that must be tested.
Locke regarding development: continuous, mechanistic, ramp. earlier behavior predicts later behavior. crawl, walk, crawl a little
Rousseau regarding development: stages, organismic, stairs. finish a certain peice of dev. you get to the next stair when prev. stair is done and never go back.
psychoanalytic: behavior is based on subconscious.
Freud- stages of dev.: oral, anal, phallic, latency
Freud's parts of personality: id, ego, superego
id: infantile part of personality. pleasure seeking. must have needs met instantly
ego: helps id to be patient. not the only one in the world
superego: mediator between id and ego
Four stages of Erikson important to this class: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust: (0-1 1/2 yrs)dependence on caretaker for consistent care and affection. The virtue of hope leading to trust in the world.
autonomy vs. shame: (18mnts- 3 yrs) Child develops a balance of independence over self-doubt and shame. Need to adjust to the demands of toilet trainging and other societal demands while retaining a sense of autonomy. Danger of long lasting sense of shame or doubt. Virtue of will.
initiative vs. guilt: developing a sense of right and wrong which controls behaviors but without going tooo far and becoming guilt-ridden by failures. Virtue of purpose
industry vs. inferiority: developing a sense of work ethic. virtue of skill.
Behaviorism: your dev. is shaped from cognitive abilities. Change comes from how you learn about your envirnoment. behavior is shaped by envirnment
classical conditioning-watson: albert-mouse, shocked kid when touched mouse
possitive reinforcement: give something to reinforce behavior
negative reinforcement: take soemthing away to reinforce behavior
punishment: stop or change a behavior
Social learning: Bandura. learning based on people around you. immitation
social cognitive learning: a way you act on environment to learn from. a child jumps on the couch to see how adult will react.
observational learning: stay or leave. learn from observing
assimilation: how a child incoorporates new information. see cat say dog
accomodation: faced with something that doesnt fit- what do they change to understand. change some idea to understand cat.
information processing: what goes on in brain. structures of brain. how accomodate new info.
cognitive neuroscience: new technology used to understand brain activity. which part of hte brain is used at certain times.
Ethological: Bolby. approach to learning combining biology and evolution. survival of the fitest.
contextual idea: how society/environment helps shape learning.
Bioecological approah: bronfenbrenner. we are not in our own world in learning. we are in the middle surrounded by many systems.
sociocultural learning: vigotsky. zone of proximal development.
zone of proximal development: learning zone. needs help from others to be brought there. not too hard...not too easy.
scaffolding: children don't learn by themselves. they need parents, teachers, siblings, to help with learning
scientific method: identify problem, hypothesis, collect dat, analyze data, publish findings
data collection: self reports: journals, interviews, questionnaires
behavioral and performance measures: valid, reliable, standardized
types of observations: naturalistic(playground) laboratory
Longitudinal Research design: one child or group. long term situation. very expensive. need guarantee the family will cooporate for a number of years.
cross-sectional study: pices of groups. 2 kids from grade 2 and 2 kids from grade 5. much quicker than longitudinal. con- 2 kids cannot accuratly portray entired 2 and5 grade population.
sequential research design: combine both. 2 from each but follow for years and see how they change. depends on who will still with the research for that long
ethics: don't use real names. respece. informed consent.
zygote: most women don't know they're pregnant at this stage.
dizygotic twin: two eggs
monozygotic twin: one egg. identical. same genetic makeup.
temperament.: way we present ourselves. shy, enthusiastic. mono twins have diff temp.
infertility: must have tried for 12-18 months.
reasons for infertility: male may have low sperm count. female may have blocked phalopean tubes.
phenotype: what you look like physcially.
genotype: cannot see. why you look the way you look.
is brown hair dominant or recessive: dominant
cephalocaudal principle: we grow head to tail. heard first which is why it is so big when first born.
proximodistal principle: growth starts in middle and goes out.
stages of development: germinal, zygote, embryonic, fetal
germinal stage: begins at fertilization and lasts two weeks
embryonic stage: 2-8 wks. an embrio is growing inside. spontaneous abortion(miscarage) many women still don't know they're pregnant.
fetal stage: 8 wks-birth. much growth. organs forming. fetal activity. sensory development memory.
sensory devlopment memory: baby respons to mothers voice respond to women
sensory development memory: baby responds to mothers voice. respond to women rather than men. respond to native language more than othres.
Teratogenic Influences-list 4: drugs, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine
nicotine: 115,000 deaths per yr. more chance to be born with low birth weight. child born prematurely. greater risk for cancer.
caffeine: no definate research
maternal nutrition: eating healthy. fetus will always take what it needs. eating nutritious and with more calories is best for mom and baby.
3 types of prenatal assessment: ultrasound, amnicentesis, cvs
ultrasound: common for most women. used to measure growth, age, how many, structural abnomalities, gender.
amnicentesis: sample of amniofluid taken. only recommended to women over 35. occurs at 15-18 wks of pregnancy. tests for abnomalities.
CVS: test for abnormalities. 8-13 wks. option for more women than the amniocentesis.
paternal risks: if he's been exposed to led, smoked marajuana, tobaco, radiation. effects sperm. can cause abnormalities.
outside environmental hazards: chemicals, radiation
parturition: woman's body getting ready to have baby. 2 wks before birth. estrogen will rise. uterus contracts. cervix gets bendy.
4 stages of child birth: dialation of cervix. descent and emergence of baby. expultion of umbilical cord and placental. contraction of the uterus, recovery of the mother.
what happens during dialtion of cervix: painful contractions, cervix is widening.
electronic fetal monitor checks for...: fetal heartbeat
3 methods of delivery: cesarean, natural, prepared
cesarean: taken from abdomen. horizontal cut. emergency or often won't do vaginal birth after cesarean has ever been done.
prepared birth: more social support. coach for breathing. someone to take your mind off the pain.
what percentage of women choose hospital settings: 99%
nurse midwifes: R.N. aprentus ships. attend childbirth. at home or hopsital along with doctor. if the woman is at low risk might choose midwife.
medicated and unmedicated delivery: rarely unconcious. epidural in spine cuts of feeling waste down. meds cross into bloodstream. mom and baby may seem wide awake or grogy.
Neonatal period: first month of life
size and appearance: 20inches. 7.5 pounds. boys longer and heavier. first borns way the least.
what will happen to neonate in for 2-3 days: will loose 10% weight...water weight
what percentage of the body is the head: 25%
fontonels: soft spong. skull is sparate pieces so they can shift to fit through vaginal canal. fuse after 6 mnths.
lanugo: fur/hair that covers body. coating of hair. lost in first few days
vernix caseosa: oily substance covering body. protects against infections
anoxia: loss of oxygen
meconium: fetal waste. green black tar
neonatal jaundice: problem with liver. happens to 50% of babies. soved by putting baby under flourecent light.
brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment: takes 30 min. tests that a child is behaving ok. tests reflexes. not done to all children.
birth trauma: injuries sustained during birht. due to oxygen...physical injury...would find during assessment
complications of birth list 5: low weight, preterm baby, small, postmature infant, protective factors,
low weight: less than 5.5 lbs. premature. low weight for age.
preterm baby: born before 37th wk of gestation
small for gestational age infants: less than 90% weight of other babies that were born at same age.
postmature infants: 42 wks and older. often thin babies. don't get adiquate blood supply.
imprinting: forms bond with first thing it sees-animal instinct
what happens to marriage when baby is born: marrital satisfaction declines. all love going to baby.

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