fundamentals of nursing - hygiene
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- The science of health and its maintanance is called ____.
- Hygiene
- The self-care by which people attend to ADL's is called_____.
- Personal hygiene.
- The largest organ of the body
- The skin
- These sweat glands are largely in the axillae and anogenital areas.
- Appocrine glands
- These sweat glands are of little use in thermoregulation
- Appocrine glands
- Another name for sweat glands
- Sudoriferous glands
- This type of sweat glands are the most numerous type and are important to thermoregulation
- Eccrine glands
- Sweat is made up of:
- H2O, Na, K, Cl, glucose, urea, and lactate
- Important considerations determination of type of bath for client includes:
- Client's balance, ability to sit unsupported, activity tolerance, coordination, muscle strength, ROM, vision, cognitive funcitoning, and the client's preferences
- What are the effects of sebum on the integument?
-
-Softens and lubricates skin and hair
-Thermal insulation
-Bacteriocidal action
-Prevents water loss when humidity is low - These diseases make client's more prone to infection of the feet because of reduced peripheral circulation to the feet.
- Diabetes and peripheral vascular disease
- Another name for athlete's foot
- Tinea pedis
- Keratosis caused by friction and pressure from a shoe
- Corn
- True or False? Clients with diabetes should soak their feet frequently to hydrate them and put lotion between their toes.
-
False
Soaking dries skin out. Furthermore, they should avoid putting lotion between toes and should avoid using perfumed lotion. - Plantar warts are caused by what? They are located where on the body?
-
-The virus papovavirus hominis
-On the sole of the feet - List 7 treatment considerations for clients with dry skin.
-
-use cleansing creams instead of soaps or detergents
-use bath oils
- use moisturizing or emollient creams
-thoroughly rinse soap and detergent from skin if used
-increase fluid intake
-humidify air with humidifier or keep a tub or sink of water full
-bathe less frequently when temp and humidity are low - When preparing a client for peri-genital care, what preparations must be made?
-
-provide privacy
-explain what you are going to do and why
-wash hands, don gloves
-place bath towel under hips
-position and drape client
-clean inner thighs
-assess peri-genital area for lesions, swelling or other deviations from normal appearance - another name for diaper rash
- ammonia dermatitis
- when should oils and lotions be applied and why?
- ater a bath, not during because the oils make the tub slippery and contribute to falls
- The purpose of a therapeutic bath is what?
- to soothe irritated skin or to treat an area with medication added to the water
-
a therapeutic bath is usually taken in what?
the water is usually around what temperature? -
-a tub one-third to one-half full
-around 100-115 degrees F for adults; 105 degrees F for an infant - A visible, hard deposit of plaque and dead bacteria that forms at the gum line
- Tartar
- Red swollen gingiva
- gingivitis
- Another name for dental cavities
- dental caries
- another name for gum disease
- periodontal disease
- Advanced periodontal disease is known as_____, and is characterized by_____and______.
-
-pyorrhea
-pus in the gums; loose teeth - Periodontal disease is characterized by_____(4 conditions)
-
-gingivitis
-bleeding
-receding gum lines
-formation of pockets between teeth and gums - Teeth usually first appear at what age?
- 5-8 months old
- Putting an infant to bed with a bottle of sugar water, formula, milk, or juice might cause what?
- Baby-bottle syndrome (the decay of all upper teeth and lower-posterior teeth
- By what age do children usually have all 20 temporary teeth?
- 2 years old
-
How many permanent teeth are there?
By what age do most people have all of them? -
-32
-25 years old - True or false? Loss of teeth usually occurs because of dental caries.
-
False.
Loss of teeth usually occur because of periodontal disease rather than dental caries. - True or false? The incidence of peiodontal disease increases with pregnancy.
- True. The rise in female hormornes affects gingival tissue and increases its reaction to bacterial plaque.
- Another name for the gums
- gingiva
- An invisible, soft film that adheres to the surface of teeth
- plaque
- What does plaque consist of?
- bacteria, saliva, remnants of epithelial cells and leukocytes
- Clients at an increased risk or dry oral mucosa include:
-
-those with nasogastric tubes or receiving O2 because they tend to breath through the mouth
-Older adults because of decreased saliva production
-Those taking medications which cause dry mouth
-Those who've received radiation treatment because the treatment may damags saliva glands
-smokers
-alcohol use
-anxiety
-high salt intake - What are some possible risk factors for oral problems?
-
-lack of knowledge
-inability to perform oral hygiene
-recent oral or jaw surgery
-inadequate nutrition
-excessive intake of refined sugar
-family history
-those with dry oral mucosa - Damage to teeth and jaw structures caused by radiation may occur how long after exposure?
- years after exposure
- What is stomatitis?
- Inflammation of the oral mucosa
- What is parotitis?
- Inflammation of the parotid salivary glands
- What is sordes?
- Accumulation of foul matter in the mouth
- What is cheilosis?
- cracking of lips
- What is glossitis?
- Inflammation of the tongue
- What is halitosis?
- bad breath
- conditions which indicate a nursing diagnosis of "impaired oral mucous membrane"
-
-coated tongue
-dry mouth
-dental caries
-halitosis
-gingivitis
-oral plaque
-pain or discomfort
-erythema
-lesions or ulcers
-decreased or lack of salivation - three nursing diagnoses which apply to oral hygiene
-
-Self-Care Deficit
-Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane
-Deficient Knowledge - why should those who wear dentures be encouraged to use them?
- those who do not wear them are prone to shrinkage of the gums which results in further tooth loss.
- The emergence of permanent teeth is guided by what?
- deciduous teeth
- abnormally placed or lost deciduous teeth can lead to ______.
- misalignment of permanent teeth
- True or false? Hydrogen peroxide is recommended for use in oral care.
- False. H2O2 irritates healthy oral mucosa and may alter the microflora of the mouth.
- Describe Fowler's postition.
- semisitting position in which the head of the bed is raised at least 45 degrees. knees may be flexed or horizontal.
- Describe Trendelenburg's position.
- Head of bed is lowered and the foot raised in a straight incline.
- Describe Semi-Fowler's position.
- Head of bed raised 30 degrees.
- True or false? you should hold dirty linens close to your body as a measure of proper body mechanics.
- False. Hold dirty linens away from your uniform
- Why would you keep the bed in a low postition?
- to make it easy for the patient to get in and out of bed.
- water used for a shampoo should be at what temp?
- 105 degrees F
- the main disadvantages of dry shampoo are?
- they dry the hair and the scalp
- What determines the direction of blade in shaving?
- The hair growth. Shave with the direction of hair growth.
- At what angle should you hold the razor blade when shaving?
- 45 degrees in regards to the skin
- Which clients usually require special hygiene of the eyes?
- unconscious clients and those recovering from eye surgery or eye injuries, irritations or infections
- 3 effects of combing hair
-
-stimulates blood circulation to the scalp
-distributes hair oils and provides a sheen
-increases sense of well-being by arranging hair - a client with long hair should have hair brushed how often?
- at least once per day
- True or false? The shafts of curly and kinky hair have more strength than those of straight hair.
- False. Straight hair is stronger than curly or kinky hair.
- Many African American people have hair that is naturally curly and can become matted in this amount of time
- in just 8 hours
- the best type of instrument to stimulate circulation while brushing hair
- a brush with stiff bristles
- how often should an infant's hair be shampooed?
- daily to prevent seborrhea
- when cleaning the eyes, you should clean in which direction?
- from the inner to outer canthus
- hard contact lenses shouldn't be left in for more than?
- no more than 12 to 14 hours
- to remove hard contact lenses, they must be positioned where?
- directly over cornea
- Another name for earwax
- cerumen
- True or False? A cotton-tipped applicator should be used to remove cerumen.
- False. Use no objects to remove cerumen. It can be loosed by moving the auricle up and back or by irrigation.
- when talking about a mattress, what are "lugs"
- handles on the sides of the mattress
- True or False? You should not shake soiled linen in the air.
- True. Shaking can disseminate microorganisms.
- What are bed cradles used for?
- To keep the top bedclothes off the feet, legs, and even abdomen of the client.
- What are the 5 major functions of the skin?
-
-protect the underlying tissue
-sebum secretion
-regulate temperature
-transmit sensations
-vitamin D production and absorption - when do infants usually develop nails?
- nails are usually present at birth
- how often might a client be bathed who has very dry skin?
- bathing is limited to once or twice per week for those with very dry skin because bathing dries the skin out more.
- a bath which uses a quick-drying solution containing a disinfectant, a cleaning agent, and a softening agent which dries quickly and doesn't require drying
- a "towel bath"
- washclothes in a bag with a nonrinsable claner and water which is warmed in microwave and used to give this type of bath
- a "bag bath"
- vigorous rubbing or a warm bath have this effect on a person
- stimulation of circulation
- rub the skin this way to fascilitate venous return in extremities
- long smooth strokes from distal to proximal end of limb
- this is used instead of soap for those allergic to soap
- detergent