Principle of Medication Administration
Terms
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- Pharmacology
- the study or science of drugs
- Drug
- any chemical that affects the processes of living organism
- Drug Interaction
- Occurs when the action of one drug is altered by the action of another drug. It can increase or decrease it's action when combined.
- Additive Effect
- two drugs with similar actions are taken for a double effect
- Antagonistic effect
- one drug interfere's with the action of another
- Incompatability
- one drug is chemically incompatable with another drug causing deterioration when the 2 drugs are mixed in the same syringe or solution
- Synergestic effect
-
combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the effect of each drug when given alone
aspirin+codeine - Schedule 1 drug
- has high potential for abuse, no current accepted medical use in US, has lack of accepted safety for use under med supervision
- Schedule 2 drug
-
has high potential for abuse, currently accepted medical use. May lead to severe dependence
Morphine,Percodone,Demerol - Schedule 3 drug
- Has potential for abuse but lower than sched. 1 and 2
- Schedule 4 drug
- Haslow potential for abuse. May lead to limited physical /psycho dependence. phenobarbital
- Schedule 5 drug
- low potential for abuse
- Pharmaceutics
- study of how various drug forms pharmokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities
- Pharmacokinetics
-
the study of what the body does to the drug
Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism
Excreation - Pharmacodynamics
-
the study of what the drug does to the body
-the mechanism of drug actions in living tissue - Pharmacotherapeutics
- the use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat disease
- Absorption
- the rate at which a drug leaves its site of administration and the extent to which absorpition occurs
- Agonist
-
drugs that interact with the receptor to stimulate a response
exp tylenol for a fever - Antagonist
-
drugs that attach a receptor but dont stimulate a response
exp. BP med - Partial Agonists
- Drugs that interact with a receptor but dont stimulate a response
- ADME
-
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion - Enternal Route
-
Drug absorbed into the systemic circulation through oral or gastric mucosa, the sm intestine, or rectum
oral, Sublingual,Buccal, Rectal - First Pass Effect
-
The metabolism of a drug and its passage from the liver into circulation. A drug given via the oral route may be extensively metabolized by the liver before reaching systemic circulation (high first pass effect)
Same drug given IV bypasses liver preventing 1st pass effect and more drug reaches circulation - routes that bypass the liver
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sublingual-transdermal-buccal-
vaginal-rectal-IM-IV-SubQ-
Inhalation- Intranasal - Parental Route
-
IV-IM-SubQ-Intradermal-
Intrathecal-Intraarticular - Intramuscular IM injection
- 90 degrees
- Subcutaneous
- 45 degrees
- Intradermal
- 15 degrees
- Topical Route
-
Skin(including transdermal)
Eyes
Ears
Nose
Lungs (inhalation)
Vagina - Distribution
- the transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action
- Area's of rapid distribution
- heart,liver,kidneys,brain
- Area's of slow distribution
- muscle,skin,fat
- metabolism
- the biologic transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, more potent metabolite
- places in the body where drugs metabolize
-
Liver (main organ)
kidneys
lungs
plasma
intestinal mucosa - factors that decrease metabolism
-
cardo dysfunction
renal insufficiency
starvation
obstructive jaundice
slow
erthromycin therapy - factors that increase metabolism
-
fast acetyator
barbituarates
Rifampin therapy (TB treatment) - Delayed drug metabolism results in ...
-
accumulation of drugs
prolonged action of the effects of drugs - stimulating drug metabolism causes...
- diminished pharmacologic effects
- Excretion
-
The elimination of drugs from the body
kidney(main organ)
liver
bowel - half life
- the time it takes for one half of the original amount of drug in the body to be removed
- drug actions
- the cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction
- drug effects
- the physiologic reaction of the body to the drug
- onset
- time it takes for the drug to elicit a theraputic response
- peak
- time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum theraputic response
- duration
- time a drug is sufficient to elicit theraputic response
- types of drug therapies
-
acute
maintence
supplemental
palliative
supportive
prophylacic - Monitoring
-
partients condition
tolerance and dependence
interactions
sideeffects - therapeutic index
- ratio between a drugs theraputic benefits and toxic effects
- tolerance
- a decreasing response to repetitive drug doses
- dependence
- a physiological or psychological need for a drug
- adverse drug events
-
all are preventable
medication errors that result in patient harm - adverse drug reactions
-
inherent, not preventable event occuring in the normal therapeutic use of a drug
any reaction that us unexpected undesired and occurs at doses normally used