Linguistics Final Terms from Language Files 9th Ed
Terms
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- Factors of language processing that enhance recall
- Recency, Frequency, and Context
- Prescriptive Grammar
- Rules of incorrect/correct grammar (don't split infitive, etc)
- Descriptive Grammar
- Describing the instances of language people use and how
- Area of the brain involved in comprehension and selection of words
- Wernicke's Area
- Area of the brain responsible for organizing articulatory patterns of langauge and directing the motor cortex
- Broca's Area
- Linguistic Utterances
- Linguisitc Performance
- Mental Grammar
- Linguisitc Competence
- Study of biological and neural foundations of language in the brain
- Neurolinguistics
- The way the mind aquires, stores, processes, uses language, etc is called
- Psycholinguistics
- The ability to communicate about things not present in time and space
- Displacement
- The ability of an individual to both send and receive messages
- Interchangability
- Some aspect of communication system that is learned through interaction with others
- Cultural Transmission
- That signals have meaning
- Semanticity
- Complex signals are built up out of smaller parts
- Discreteness
- The ability to produce and understand any number of messages
- Productivity
- The form of the signal is not logically connected to the meaning
- Arbitrariness
- Features of communication systems only belonging to true languages
- Displacement and Productivity
- The primacy of speech over written language
- Speech was present long before writing, learning to speak is not a conscious decision, etc
- "Meow" "Bang" "Whoosh"
- Onomatopoeic Words
- "GLare" "GLow" "GLitter" where [GL] = light
- Sound Symbolism
- Form (sound of the words) + Meaning
- Linguistic Sign
- Linguistic side of the brain
- Left side (Right ear)
- Nonlinguistic side of the brain
- Right side (Left ear)
- Study of meaning in context
- Pragmatics
- Study of what words and larger structures mean
- Semantics
- Study of structure
- Syntax
- The idea that we are genetically predisposed to learning and processing languages
- Innateness Hypothesis
- Conditions that must be met in order for a speech act to be performed correctly
- Felicity Conditions
- Phrase of language where the meaning cannot be derived from the words or there structure
- Idiom
- Principle of Compositionality
- Meaning of sentences/words + Structure
- Theories of Language Acquisition
- Immitation (wrong, produce unheard utterances), Reinforcement (wrong, corrections don't work), Active Construction of Grammar (yes!, children have lingusitic creativity and pattern recognition where they invent their own grammar which leads to overgeneralization)
- Consonant Sounds
- More restricted
- Vowel Sounds
- More open
- Study of transmission of physical properties of sound
- Acoustic phonetics
- Each side of the brain is responsible for different tasks
- Lateralization
- Each side of our brain is resposible for the opposide side of the body
- Contralateralization
- Inability to perceive, produce, or process language due to physical brain damage
- Aphasia
- The idea that auditory word recognitions comes from a narrowing down of possibilities from context
- Cohort Theory
- An instance where there are multiple meanings assigned to a word which make it unclear
- Lexical Ambiguity
- An instance where the structure can lead to more than one interpretation
- Syntactic/Structural Ambiguity
- The study of the perception of sounds
- Auditory Acoustics
- The study of the production of sounds
- Articulatory Acoustics
-
The three -s (possessive, plural, 3rd person)
-ed (past tense)
-ing (progressive)
-er (comparative)
-est (superlative
-ed/en (past participle) - Inflectional Morphology of English
- A logically valid inference
- Entailment
- Not logically valid but still warranted inference
- Implicature
- The relationship of poodle to dog, a loss of specificity
- Hyponymy
- The relationship of dog to poodle, becoming more specific
- Hypernymy
- The relationship of dog to its tail, paw, collar, etc, a heirarchy of parts
- Meronymy
- The attribute of words have more than one meaning
- Polysemy
- Types of Antonyms
-
Gradable Pairs(Hot/Cold)
Complementary/Contradictory Pairs (Married/Unmarried)
Relational Opposites (Over/Under) - The four contexts
-
Linguisitc (previous utterances)
Epistemic (background knowledge)
Social (relationship)
Physical (setting) - Would, Could, Should
- Auxillary Verbs
- every, her, the, a, some, this, that
- Determiners
- and, or, but
- Conjunction
- quickly, very, fast, obviously, often
- Adverbs
- with, without, of, in, on, for, before, over, under
- Prepositions
- "What time is it?" is an example of ...
- A direct speech act
- "Can you tell me what time it" is an example of ...
- An indirect speech act
- Lenneberg's Characteristics of a Biologically Controlled Behavior
-
Intensive practice has little/no effect
Milestones
Critical periods
Appear before neccessary
Not conscious decision
Not triggered by external events - " I bet, I quit, I promise" are all instances of ...
- Performative speech act
- Grice's Conversational Maxims
-
Quantity
Quality
Manner
Relevance - Cat[s] and lunch[es] is an example of
- Allomorphs
- The -er of "hotter" (comparative) and the -er of "writer" (one who) is an example of ...
- Homophonous Morphemes
- Such as "am, is, was, were, being, be, and been" where the forms are unrelated in meaning/history
- Suppletion
- Partial or whole word repeat i.e "Hoity Toity" "Green Green
- Reduplication
- Adding an affix within a word
- Infixation
- "Blackboard", "Red-hot", "Volkswagen" are examples of the process...
- Compounding
- What adheres to the mental grammar of the native speakers
- Grammaticality
- Felicity condtions for questions
-
Doesn't know,
Wants to know,
Other person has information - Felicity conditions for request
-
Hasn't been done yet,
Other person is able,
Other person is willing,
Wants it done - Characterized by few function words and physical production difficulties
- Broca's Aphasia
- Characterized by fluent and grammatical, function words, but issues with content words
- Wernicke's Aphasia
- Linguists of Speech Act Theory
- Austin & Searle
- Linguist of Innateness of Language
- Chomsky
- Phonology problem language
-
-Are two different allophones of two separate phonemes
-Are allophones of one phoneme - A system that associates sounds (or gestures) with meaning in a way that uses sentences and words
- Language
- First supposed the concept of the brain not being a uniform mass
- Franz Joesph Gall (localization)
- First supposed the concept of language center being in the left side of the brain
- Paul Broca
- Had a tamping iron through his skull
- Phineas Gage
- The part of the brain that converts visual stimuli into auditory
- Angular Gyrus
- A sentence which is intially interpetted the wrong way is said to go through this
- Garden path
- Types of speech errors
-
Anticipation: substitute or add sound from later word
Persevervation: using sound from previous word "walking wabbits"
Metathesis: switching sounds
"dear old queen" -> "queer old dean"
Malapropisms: Work is the curse of the drinking class - Perception errors
- Errors where word boundaries are misperceived
- Behaviorist (Evil)
- BF Skinner
- 1994's "The Language Instinct"
- Steven Pinker
- Locutionary Act
- Production of utterance
- Illocutionary Act
- Speaker's intention
- Perlocutionary Act
- Effect on hearer
- The same sound for different words
- Homophony
- Open class of words where they are easily added
- Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs
- Closed class of words where they have little meaning outside of grammatical function
- Determiners, Conjunctions, Prepositions
- The ability for a sentence/structure to loop forever (John Jacob ...)
- Infinite Recursion
- Characteristics of Animal Communication
- Present, Physical
- Pragmatics finds meaning to be composed of ...
- Intonation, context, and word order
- "The CAT chased the DOG", where "cat" and "dog" have these thematic roles
-
CAT=Agent
DOG=Patient - Negative Auxillary refers to ...
-
It ran away
vs.
It DID not run away - The ability to stand alone which can be tested through substituting with a pronoun or through movement
- Constituency
- Languages which only have free morphemes
- Analytic Language
- Languages which have both free and bound morphemes
- Synthetic Languages
- Affix added to both sides of word
- Circumfixes
-
It could be a word but isn't (uglification)
(vegetarian = someone who eats veggies
humanitarian = someone who eats ...?) - Lexical Gaps
- Same sound, different meaning
- Homophonous Morphemes
- Same morpheme with different phonetic realizations
- Allomorphs
- "Fish" could be spelled "ghoti" (lauGH) (wOmen) (naTIon)
- George Bernard Shaw
- Three aspects of ariculation
- Voicing, Placement, and Manner
- Class of speech sound categorized by native speaker as one sound
- Phoneme
- Complementary distribution
- Allophones of same phoneme where instances don't occur in same phonetic environemt
- Contradictory distribution
- Occuring in the same phonetic environemt with two separate meanings
- Causes sounds to become more like neighbor sound with regard to some feature
- Assimilation
- Causes neighbor sound to become more distinct in some feature like (colonel -> kernel)
- Dissimilation
-
When adding a voiceless stop such as strength->strengKth
or dance->dants - Insertion
- Chomsky as ChomPsky where P is compromise of [m] and [s] environment
-
[m] [p] [s]
nasal palatal oral
stop stop fricative
voiced v-less v-less
bilabial bilab. alveolar - "Did you" -> "Didja"
- Palatalization
- Permitted syllables, sound combinations
- Phonotactics
- Language Variation Types
-
Syntactic -Needs washed vs. Needs to be washed
Morphological - You guys, Y'all
Phonological - "route" as root vs rowt
Semantic - Devil's beating his wife
Lexical - Toboggan as hat vs. sled - Language Axiom
- All languages change and all languages vary
- Language Analysis
-
Synchronic - Particular point in time
Dichronic - Language across time - Style Shifting
-
Speech register or style depending on environment
(formality -> enunciate, informal -> assimilation or "fast speech") - Sociolinguistics deals with
- Language Variation
- Historical Lingusitics deals with
- Language change
- Language vs Dialect
- Languages should not be mutually intelligible (but Dutch/German), Dialects should be (but Chinese, Mandarin, etc)
- Dialect includes elements of variation
- Grammatical, Syntactic, Lexical, Morphological differences
- Accent is
- Phonological variation
- Idiolect
- Language spoken by individual
- Dialect Continuum
- Dutch, Dutch, Germany Dutch, Dutchy German, German
- Variation and Change can be accounted for through
- Geography and Social borders, language contact
- Great Vowel Shift
- 1400-1600s
- 1786 decided that all languages were related
- Sir William Jones
- Switching of postive and negative connotation
- Polarity
- Giving more general meaning to a word such as (hound -> any dog)
- Extensions
- Shortening a word (-we in weBLOG)
- Clipping