Female Reproductive System
Terms
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- areola
- dark pigmented area around the nipple
- toc/o
- labor or birth
- ectopic pregnancy
- implantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterine cavity, often in the tube or ovary, or rarely in the abdominal cavity
- mammoplasty
- surgical reconstruction of a breast
- vulva
- external genitalia of the female
- abortifacient
- durg that causes abortion (e.g. mifepristone - formerly known as RU-486)
- meconium aspiration
- fetal aspiration of amniotic fluid containing meconium
- herpes simplex virus type 2
- virus that cuases ulcerlike lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa; after inital infection, the virus lies dormant in teh nerve cell root and may recur at times of stress
- primipara
- first deliver (primi = first; para = to bear)
- meconium staining
- presence of meconium in amniotic fluid
- endovaginal sonogram transvaginal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the uterus, tubes, and ovaries made after introduction of an ultrasonic transducer within the vagina; useful for detecting pathology (e.g. ectopic pregnancy or missed abortion)
- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), permiting various opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases; contracted through exposure to contaminated blood of body fluid (e.g., semen or vaginal secretions)
- colposcopy
- Examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope, a specialized microscope used to examine the vagina and cervix, often with a camera attachment for photographs; used to document findings and follow-up treatments
- habitual abortion
- spontaneous abortion occuring in three or more consecutive pregnacies
- gynecomastia
- development of mammary glands in the male, caused by altered hormone levels
- macrosomia
- large-bodied baby commonly seen in diabetic pregnancies (macro = large;soma = body)
- syphilis
- infectious disease caused by a spirochete transmitted by direct intimate contact that may involve any organ or tissue over time, usually manifested first on the skin with the appearance of small, painless red papules that erode and form bloodless ulcers called chancres
- Rh negative
- absence of antigens
- nulligravida
- having never been pregnant
- placenta
- vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy to provide nourishment for the fetus (placenta = cake)
- abruptio placentae
- premature detachment of a normally situated placenta
- menorrhagia
- excessive bleeding at the time of menstruation (menses)
- abortion (AB)
- expulsion of the product of contraception before the fetus is viable (able to live outside the uterus)
- papanicolaou smear
- study of cells collected from the cervix to screen for cancer and other abnormalities
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with an Rh-positive blood factor and a mother who is Rh negative, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; this condition necessitates a blood transfusion to save the fetus
- amniocentesis
- aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid for analysis of possible fetal abnormalities
- episiotomy
- incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery
- retroversion
- backward turn of the whole uterus; also called tipped uterus
- uterine or fallopian tubes
- tubes extending from each side of the uterus toward the ovary that provide a passage for ova to the uterus
- pelvic floor relaxation
- relaxation of supportive ligaments of the pelvic organs
- polymastia
- presence of more than two breasts
- transabdominal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the lower abdomen, including the bladder, uterus, tubes, and ovaries, to detect conditions such as cysts and tumors
- hypomastia, micromastia
- unuasally small breasts
- pelvic sonography
- ultrasound imaging of the female pelvis
- oxytocin
- hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that causes myometrial contraction, used to induce labor
- parovarian cyst
- cyst of the uterine tube (fallopian tube)
- excisional Bx
- Removal of an entire lesion for microscopic examinationI
- ov/i, ov/o
- egg
- gravida
- a pregnant woman
- adhesiolysis, adhesiotomy
- breaking down or severing of pelvic adhesions
- cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
- condition preventing normal delivery through the birth canal; either the baby's head is too large or the birth canal is too small
- chlamydia
- most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in North America, which often occurs with no symptons and is treated only after it has spread, such as to after causing pelvic inflammatory disease
- vaginal hysterectomy
- removal of the uterus through the vagina
- needle biopsy
- removal of a core specimen of tissue using a special hollow needle
- hormone contraceptives
- hormones used to prevent conception by suppressing ovulation
- endometritis
- inflammation of the endometrium
- hepatitis B virus (HBV)
- virus that causes an inflammation of the liver as a result of transmission through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood
- rectocele
- pouching of the rectum into the vagina
- salpingectomy
- incision into a fallopian tube, often performed to remove an ectopic pregnancy
- prolapse
- descent of the uterus down the vaginal canal
- introitus
- entrance to the vagina
- urethrocele
- pouching of the urethra into the vagina
- left uterine appendage
- left tube and ovary
- reduction mammoplasty
- reconstruction to remove excessive breast tissue
- dermoid cyst
- congenital tumor composed of displaced embryonic tissue (teeth, bone, cartilage, and hair) typically found in an ovary; usually benign
- spermicidals
- creams, jellies, lotions, or foams containing agents that kill sperm (cid/o = to kill)
- men/o
- menstruation
- hysterectomy
- surgical removal of the uterus
- mammary papilla
- nipple
- mastopexy
- elevation of pendulous breast tissue
- hymen
- fold of mucous membrane that encircles the entrance to the vagina
- contraceptive implant
- insertion of a contraceptive capsule under the skin to provide a continual infusion over an extended time
- dysmenorrhea
- painful menstruation
- contraceptive injection
- injection of the hormone (such as Depo-Provera) into the body
- fibroid, fibromyoma, leiomyoma
- benign tumor in the uterus composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue
- atrophic vaginitis
- thinning of the vagina and loss of mositure because of depletion of estrogen, which causes inflammation of tissue
- fundus
- upper portion of the uterus above the entry to the uterine tubes
- myometrium
- muscular wall of the uterus
- tocolytic agent
- drug used to stop labor contraction
- estimated date of confinement (EDC), estimated date of delivery
- expected date for delivery of the baby, normally 280 days or 40 weeks from last menstrual period (LMP)
- laparoscopy
- inspection of the abdominal or pelvic cavity with a laparoscope, which is an endoscope used to examine the abdominal and pelvic regions
- oral contraceptive pill (OCP)
- birth control pills
- Rh immune globulin
- immunizing agent given to an Rh-negative mother within 72 hours after delivering an Rh-positive baby to suppress the Rh immune response
- embryo
- the developing organism from fertilization to the end of the eighth week
- cesarean section
- surgical delivery of a baby through an incision through the abdomen and into the uterus
- version
- manual method for reversing the position of the fetus, usually done to facilitate delivery
- cervical os
- opening of the cervix to the uterus
- right uterine appendage
- right tube and ovary
- fibrocystic breasts
- benign condition of the breast consisting of fibrous and cystic changes that render the tissue more dense; patient feels painful lumps that fluctuate with menstrual periods
- mast/o, mamm/o
- breast
- hypermastia, macromastia
- abnormally large breasts
- carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the cervix
- malignant cell changes of the cervix that are localized without any spread to adjacent structures
- salping/o
- uterine (fallopian) tube (also eustachian tube)
- external version
- abdominal manipulation
- endometriosis
- condition characterized by migration of protions of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity
- cystocele
- pouching of the bladder into the vagina
- mammary glands
- two galnds in the female breasts capable of producing milk
- vaginosis
- infection of the vagina with little or no inflammation, characterized by a milklike discharge and an unpleasant odor; also known as nonspecific vaginitis
- pelvimetry
- obstetric measurement of the pelvis to evaluate proper conditions for vaginal delivery
- Bartholin glands
- two glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete a lubricant during intercourse
- amnioinfusion
- introduction of a solution into the amniotic sac; an isotonic solution is most commonly used to relieve fetal distress
- polythelia, supernumerary nipples
- presence of more that one nipple on a breast
- colp/o, vagin/o
- vagina (sheath)
- pelvic adhesions
- scarring of tissue within the pelvic cavity resulting from endometriosis, infection, or injury
- biopsy (Bx)
- Removal of tissue for microscopic pathologic examination
- amastia
- absence of a breast
- aspiation Bx
- Needle draw of tissue or fluid from a cavity for cytological examination, also called needle biopsy
- oligo-ovulation
- irregular ovulation
- dilation and curettage (D&C)
- dilation of the cervix and scraping of the endometrium to control bleeding, to obtain tissue for biopsy, or to remove polyps or products of conception
- tubal ligation
- sterilization of a woma by cutting and tying (ligating) the uterine tubes
- pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- inflammation of organs in teh pelvic cavity; usually includes the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and endometrium; most often caused by bacteria
- colporrhaphy
- suture to repair the vagina
- uterus
- womb; pear-shaped organ in the pelvic cavity in which the embryo and fetus develops
- lumpectomy
- excision of a breast tumor without removing any other tissue or lymph nodes, usually followed by radiation or chemotherapy if the tumor is found to be cancerous
- clitoris
- female erectile tissue in the anterior portion of the vulva
- endometrium
- lining of the uterus, which is shed about every 28 to 30 days in a non pregnant female during menstruation
- oophor/o, ovari/o
- ovary
- modified radical mastectomy
- removal of an entire breast and lymph nodes of the axilla
- amniotic fluid
- fluid within the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects the fetus
- amniotic sac
- membranes surrounding the embryo in the uterus, filled with amniotic fluid
- missed abortion
- death of a fetus or embryo within the uterus that is not naturally expelled after death
- pregnancy test
- test performed on urine or blood to detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (secreted by the placenta), which indicates pregnancy
- human papilloma virus (HPV), condyloma acuminatum (pl. condylomata acuminata)
- virus that causes an infection that can occur on the skin or muccous membranes of the genitals, transmitted by direct sexual contact; on the skin, the lesions appear as cauliflowerlike warts, and on mucous membranes they have a flat appearance (also known as venereal or genital warts)
- intrauterine device (IUD)
- contraceptive device inserted into the uterus that prevents implantation of a fertilized egg
- radiography
- x-ray imaging
- preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
- toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, and puffiness of the face, without convulsion or coma
- hysterosalpingogram
- x-ray of the fallopian tubes after injection of a contrast medium through the cervix; used to determine tubal patency (openness)
- hysterosonogram (saline infusion sonogram)
- a transvaginal sonographic image made as sterile saline is injected into the uterus; used to assess uterine pathology or determine tubal patency
- laser surgery
- use of a laser to destroy lesions or dissect or cut tissue, used frequently in gynecology
- fetal monitoring
- use of an electronic devices for simultaneous recording of fetal heart rate and uterine contractions
- displacemnts of uterus
- displacemnt of the uterus from its normal position
- enterocele
- pouching sac of peritoneum between the vagina and rectum
- abdominal hysterectomy
- removal of the uterus through an incision in the abdomen
- primigravida
- first pregnancy (NOTE: gravida followed by a number indicates the number of pregnancies)
- myomectomy
- excision of fibroid tumors
- multipara
- a woman who has given birth to two or more children (multi = many; para = to bear)
- cryosurgery
- method of destroying tissue by freezing; used for treating dysplasia and early cancers
- mastectomy
- removal of a breast
- mastitis
- inflammation of breast, most commonly in women who are breastfeeding
- -arche (additional suffix)
- beginning
- cervic/o
- neck or cervix
- radial mastectomy
- removal of an entire breast along with the underlying chest muscles and axillary lymph nodes
- rectovaginal fistula
- abnormal opening between the vagina and rectum
- oligomenorrhea
- scanty menstrual period
- simple mastectomy
- removal of an entire breast but with underlying muscle and axillary lymph nodes left intact
- posterior repair
- repair of a rectocele
- polyhydramnios
- excessive amniotic fluid
- amenorrhea
- absence of menstruation
- salpingostomy
- creation of an opening in the fallopian tube to open a blockage
- lact/o
- milk
- meconium
- intestinal discharge of the fetus that form the first stools in the newborn
- perineum
- region between the vulva and anus
- barrier contraceptives
- products that provide a physical barrier to prevent conception (e.g. condoms or diaphragms)
- vaginitis
- inflammation of the vagina with redness, swelling, and irritation, often caused by a specific organism, such as Candida (yeast) or Trichomonas (sexually transmitted parasite)
- incomplete abortion
- incomplete expulsion of products of conception
- episi/o, vulv/o
- vulva (covering)
- anteflexion
- abnormal forward bending of the uterus (ante = before; flexus = bend)
- therapeutic abortion (TAB)
- abortion induced by mechanical means or by drugs for medical reasons
- anterior repair
- repair of a cystocele
- obstetric sonogram
- ultrasound image of the pregnant uterus to determine fetal development
- menopause
- cessation of menstrual periods caused by lack of ovarian hormones
- endoscopic Bx
- Removal of a specimen for biopsy during an endoscopic procedre (e.c Colonoscopy)
- placenta previa
- desplaced attachment of the placenta in the lower region of the uterine cavity
- vesicovaginal fistula
- abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina
- Rh positive
- presence of antigens
- vagina
- tubular passageway from the cervis to the outside of the body
- congenital anomalies
- birth defects that cause the abnormal development of an organ or structure (e.g, double uterus or absent vagina)
- ruptured membranes
- rupture of the amniotic sac, usually at onset of labor
- endovaginal sonogram, transvaginal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the uterus, tubes, and ovaries made after introduction of an ultrasonic transducer within the vagina; useful for detecting pathology (e.g. ectopic pregnancy or missed abortion)
- annovulation
- absence of ovulation
- adnexa
- uterine tubes and ovaries (uterine appendages)
- oophoritis
- inflammation of one or both ovaries
- cervicitis
- inflammation of the cervix
- metrorrhagia
- bleeding from the uterus at any time other than normal menstruation
- spontaneous abortion (SAB)
- miscarriage; expulsion of products of contraception occuring naturally
- cervical conization
- removal of a cone-shaped portion of the cervix
- adenocarcinoma of the breast
- malignant tumor of glandular breast tissue
- total hysterectomy
- surgical removal of the uterus and cervix
- leukorrhea
- abnormal white or yellow vaginal discharge
- Rh factor
- presence, or lack, or antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reaction between the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal anemia (which causes erythroblastosis fetalis)
- hysteroscopy
- use of a hysteroscope to examine the inrauterine cavity for assessment of abnormalities
- hyperemesis gravidarum
- severe nausea and vomitting in pregnancy that can cause severe dehydration in the mother and fetus (emesis = vomit)
- fetus
- the developing organism from the ninth week to birth
- oophorectomy
- excision of an ovary
- dyspareunia
- painful intercourse (coitus) (dys = painful; para = alongside of; eunia = a lying)
- eclampsia
- true toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, severe headaches, dizziness, convulsions, and coma
- fistula
- abnormal passage, such as from one hollow organ to another (fistula = pipe)
- para
- to bear; a woman who has produced one or more viable (live outside the uterus) offspring
- incisional Bx
- Removal of piece of suspicious tissue for microscopic examination (e.g. cervical or endometrial biopsy)
- cervix
- neck of the uterus
- gynec/o
- woman
- nullipara
- a woman who has not borne a child (nulli = none; para = to bear)
- mammogram
- low-dose x-ray of breast tissue made to detect neoplasms
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- use of nonionizing images to detect gynecologic conditions (e.g anomalies of the pelvis or soft tissue of the breast) or to stage tumors arising from the endometrium or cervix
- ovarian cystectomy
- excision of an ovarian cyst
- cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN, cevical dysplasia
- potentially cancerous abnormality of epithelial tissue of the cervix, graded according to the extent of abnormal cell formation: CIN-1 - mild dysplasia; CIN-2 - moderate dysplasia; CIN-3 - severe dysplasia
- loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), large loop excision of the transformation zone (llETZ)
- Use of electrosurgical or radio waves transformed through a loopconfigured electrosurgical device to treat precancerous cervical lessions by simultaneous excision biopsy and treatment of affected tissue (.eg cervical dysplasia or human papilloma virus lesion); note that the transformation zone is the area of the cervix (between the endocervix and ectocervix) where neoplasia (new abnormal cell formation) is most likely to arise
- laparoscopic surgery
- surgial procedures within the abdominal or pelvic region using a laparoscope
- threatened abortion
- bleeding with threat of miscarriage
- retroflexion
- abnormal backward bending of the uterus
- A&P repair
- anterior and posterior repair of cystocele and rectocele
- cervical effacement
- progressive obliteration of the endocervical canal during delivery
- hyster/o, metr/o, uter/o
- uterus
- cervical neoplasia
- abnormal development of cervical tissue cells
- ovary
- one of two glands located on each side of the pelvic cavity that produce ova and female sex hormones
- augmentation mammoplasty
- reconstruction to enlarge the breast, often by inserting an implant
- gonorrhea
- contagious inflammation of the genital mucous membranes caused by invasion of the gonococcus, Neisseria gonorrhea. The term was named for the urethral dischage characterisitc of the infection, whcih was first thought to be a leakage of semen (gono = seed; rrhea = discharge); the genus was named for the Polish dermatologist Albert Neisser
- stereotactic breast Bx
- use of x-ray imaging, a specialized stereotactic frame, and a computer to calculate, precisely locate, and direct a needle into a breast lesion for the removal of a core specimen for biopsy
- salpingitis
- inflammation of a fallopian tube
- chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
- sampling of placental tissue for microscopic and chemical examination to detect fetal abnormalities
- labia
- folds of the tissue on either side of the vaginal opening, known as the labia majora and labia minora
- internal version
- intravaginal manipulation