ap psych terms
Terms
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- retroactive
- the tendency for new memories to hinder the retrieval of old memories
- vestibular sense
- a sensory system located in structures of the inner ear that registers the orientation of the head
- dsm
- authoritative schema for identiftying different psychological disorders
- displacement
- you redirect your feelings to another target
- hans response
- under stress, changes tkae place within the body that trigger an array of dieseases; physical and emotional stress,
- Apparent motion
- an optical illusion of motion produced by viewing a rapid succession of still pictures of a moving object
- Anchoring heuristics
- estimate the probability of an event by adjusting an earlier estimate
- generalizability
- degree to which results apply widely across a broad range of situations
- regression
- you revert to an old, usually immature behavior to ventilate your feeling
- displacement
- unconscious defense mechanism; he mind redirects emotion from a "dangerous" object to a "safe" object
- Arousal
- the act of arousing
- james lange theory
- experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
- down syndrome
- a genetic disorder caused by a chromosomal aberration resulting in an extra 21st chromosome.
- instinct
- inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli
- determinsim
- the theory that every thought is caused by a prior occurrence and does not occure at random
- fundamental attribution error
- the under estimations of situational influence (surroundings) and the over estimation of dispositional influence (personality).
- cognitive dissonance
- A condition of conflict o anxiety resulting from iconsstency between one's beliefes and one's actions, such as opposing the slughter of animals and eating meat
- difference threshold
- the smallest detectable difference i stimulus energy
- ainsworth Strage situation
- a method of assessing a childs attachment style
- blind spot
- the point where the optic nerve enters the retina
- Acuity-vision
- the ability to ee details
- denial
- completely reject the thought or feeling
- Control groups
- subjects in a study who do not receive the active reatment or who do not have the condition under investigation.
- inductive reasoning
- reasoning from detailed facts to general principles
- gustatory sense
- deect sensory changes in the tounge; mediated by taste buds
- histogram
- a bar graph of a frequency distribution
- color blindness
- the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish
- significant differences
- the statistically deterined likelihood that a behavior has not occurred because of chance alone.
- dendrite
- tells different neuron or the brain what is going on in the outside world
- ingroup bias
- when members selectively process their own group's actions in order to maintain a positive view of the group
- Achievement test
- measure what the individual has accomplished
- representativeness heuristic
- decide whether an expample belongs in a certain class on the bases of how similar it is to other items in that class
- indueced motion
- the illusory motion of a static stimulus in the opposite reaction to a moving stimulus
- operant conditioning
- conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response
- availability heuristics
- judging the probability that an event may occur or that a gypotheses may be true by how easily the hypothesis may b e true by how easily the hypothesis can be brought to mind
- fmri
- use of mri to measure he haeodynamic response related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans
- deindividualization
- the process used to make people feel annonymous
- free association
- technique in which the therapist states a word, then the patient would relate anything which came into their mind
- classical conditioning
- a process of b ehavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along wtih an uconditioned stimulus tha elicits the desired response.
- glial cells
- cells in the nervous system that hold neurons together and help them communicate by directing growth, keeping chemical environment stable, restoring damage, and responding to signals
- rationalization
- you coe up with various explanations to justify the situation
- schema
- a coognitive system which heps us organize and make sense of information.
- Echoic memory
- a brief sensory memory of some auditory stimuli; is stored for slightly longer periods of time than iconic memories
- Binocular disparity
- the difference in the images in the left and right eyes.
- Aptitude test
- paper and pencil assessment of a person's intellectual functioning.
- ganglia
- primative brian. located in the front of the throat. segment 3
- Aversive conditioning
- conditioning to avoid an aversive stimulus. attracted to harful stimuli
- isolation of affect
- you think the feeling but you dont really feel it
- group therapy
- simultaneous treatment of several clients with siilar problems under guidance of a therapist to hep the have helpful interactions
- suppression
- you are vaguely aware of the though or feeling but try to hide it
- Eidetic memory
- the ability to recall images, sounds, or objects in memory with great accuracy and in seemingly unlimited volume
- internalization
- as people gain experience with the rules and values of society, they tend to adopt them
- broca's aphasia
- controls the motor aspect of speech
- outgroup bias
- when members of one group selectively process the actions of another group to maintain a negative view of that group
- internal consisency reliabliiy
- used to assess the consistency of results across ites within a test
- Standard deviation
- Deals with how widely scores vary from the mean.
- deductive reasoning
- reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)
- ell shaped curve
- a perfect nesokurtic curve where the mean, median, and mode are equal
- bystander intervention
- We have to notice that something unusually happening. We have to decide if something is wrong and that if help is needed. We must decide the extent to which we have the responsibility to help. We must decide what the appropriate form of helping is and weather we are capable of providing it. We must decide weather to implement this course of action.
- dominant responses
- the first response to soemthing that contains the highest value of strength of association
- All-or-nothing law
- involves an electric charge with the cell and chemical transmission between cells
- industrial psychology
- any of several branches of psychology that seek to apply psychological principles to practical problems of education or industry or marketing etc.
- descriptive statistics
- numbers used to present data for a study
- homeostasis
- the tendency for organisms to keep their physiologicl systems at a stble, steady level by constatly adjusting themselves in esponse to change
- frustration-aggression hypotheses
- a proposition that hte existence of frustration awyas leads to some form of aggressive behavior
- deinstitutionalization
- moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings
- proactive
- the tendency for ol memories to hinder the retrieval of newer memories
- reaction formations
- you turn the feeling into its opposite
- aversive conditions
- designed to break a person of a crtain stimulus. they pir te stimulus with an awful response making the person not want to endure it again
- dependent variable
- the factor affected by the independent variable
- Atributions theory
- place blame on another place except for yourself.
- deram nalysis
- the process of assigning meanings to dreams
- kinesthetics
- the ability to feel movements of the limbs and body
- chunking
- meaningful group of information.
- intellectalizatin
- a type of rationalization, only more intellectualized
- chaining
- reinforcing the connection between diff. parts of a sequence
- brainstorming
- a group problem-solving technique in which members sit around a let fly with ideas and possible solutions to the problem
- discrimination
- differential treatment of various groups; the behavioral component of prejudice
- mri
- magnetci test
- sublimation
- you redirect the feeling into a socialy productive activity
- independent variable
- manipulated by the researcher in an experiment
- Blood Brain barrier
- prevents blood from entering brain. Maintained by astrocytes and endothelial. Tight junctions keep stuff out.
- Altruism
- an unselfish concern for another's welfare
- dissociative disorders
- conditions that incole sudden and usually temproary disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness, or identity
- incentves
- environmental stimuli that can motivate behavior by pulling people toward them or pushing people away from them
- developmental psychology
- the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children
- imprinting
- phase-sensitive learning that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior
- prejection
- you think someone else has your thought or feeling
- depression
- a state of sadness or melancholia that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and or activities of daily living
- groupthink
- people working together will make better decisions than individuals working alone, occurs when group members are unavailable to realistically evaluate optins or consider negative consequences of decisions
- Absolute Threshold
- the minimum amount of stimulus energy that an be detected 50% of the time
- functional fixedness
- a tendencey to think about familar objects in familiar ways that may prevent using them in other, ore creative wyas
- hindsight bias
- the tendency for us to believe falsely that we'd have accurately predicted the outcome of an event, after that outcome is actually known
- hawthorne effect
- subjects' belief that they are special in a study impacting results
- correlation coefficients
- Relationships between variables can be estimated with
- electroconvulsive shock therapy
- a breif electric shock administered to the brain, usually to reduce profound depression hat does not respond to drug treatments
- habituation
- the decline of a conditioned response following reeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus
- i.q.
- the ratio betwen a persons "menal age" and chronological mental age