muscle nerve eye pathology
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- Type I fibers are ________ used for ___________.
- aerobic; endurance
- These fibers make up 1/3 of muscle fibers, rich in mitochondria and myoglobulin, stain very lightly w/ mhyosin atpase
- type I (aerobic) fibers
- These fibers make up 2/3 of all muscle fibers, glycogen rich, fast-contracting myosin, dark fibers on staining, susceptible to metabolic insult during prolonged periods of disuse.
- anaerobic (type II) fibers
- A given motor neuron will innervate ______ fiber type(s), and the fiber type is determined by the ________.
- one; neuron
- What muscle disease? Progressive, genetically determined; degeneration of skeletal muscle, wasting, weakness, increaesd serum creatine kinase
- Muscular dystrophy
- What ist the most common form of muscular dystrophy?
- Duchenne's
- What muscle disease? Def. Of dystrophin, X linked, weakness initially in proximal extremity muscles and pelvic girdle, pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles, GOWER's sign, die in early 20's or teens.
- Duchenne's
- What is the sign called that is hard to get to a standing position from squatting?
- Gower's sign
- What is the milder form of Duchenn'es muscular dystrophy called?
- Becker's (appears later in life--this is how you tell because Duchenn'es usually appears in children)
- What muscle disease? Autosomal nt, triple nucleotide repeat, symptoms begin as , weakness of hands and foot muscles initially, Hatchet Face, inc frequency of cardiomyopathy, cataracts, and diabetes
- myotonic dystrophy
- What is the second most common muscular dystrophy?
- myotonic dystrophy
- T or F: myotonic dystrophy can worsen in subsequent generations.
- true, the triple nuclotide repeat mutation is amplified
- What are the autoimmune muscle disorders?
- Myasthenia gravis, polymyosiitis/dermatomyositis
- Myasthenia gravis has all the following characteristics except: autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors, men(20-35 yrs old) and women (50-60 yrs old), muscle weakness intensified by muscle use, associated with tumors of the thymus, thymic hyperplasia,
- The men and women ages should be switched
- What muscle disease? Chronic degenerative autoimmune process involving proximal muscles of extremities--weakness and pain walking up stairs, necrotic muscle surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells in biopsy
- Polymyositis
- What is polymyositis called when it involves the skin also?
- dermatomyositis
- what is the major symptom associated with dermatomyositis?
- heliotrope (iliac rash) discoloration around the eyes
- T or F: myotonic dystrophy involves only type I fibers
- TRUE
- What percent of tumors associated with myasthenia gravis are thymomas?
- 15%
- What percent of thyus associated problems due to myasthenia gravis is thymic hyperplasia?
- 65%
- What rare disorder is associated with small oat cell lung cancer?
- Eaton Lambert syndrome
- What is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children (malignant)
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- What is the most common cause of peripheral nueropathy?
- Diabetes
- In infectious myositis, _________ causes tetanus, __________causes gas gangrene, parasites cause __________, and the virus involved is ____________.
- clostridium tetani, clostridium perfringens, trichinosis, coxsackie virus
- All of the following cause peripheral neuropathy except: diabetes, immune disorders, alcohol excess, Vitamin C deficiency, toxins, infection (AIDS), congenital
- Vitamin C def. (Vitamin B DOES)
- What are the supporting cells of the nervous system and form part of brain barrieer?
- astrocytes
- What forms the myelin around nerves in the CNS analagous to a schwann man cell?
- oligodendrocytes
- what cells line the cerebral ventricles?
- ependymal cells
- what nervous cells are scavenger cells?
- microglia
- What is the infectious agent in spongiform encephalopathies?
- prions
- T or F: prions have DNA
- FALSE
- T or F: prions have a short incubation period
- FALSE
- What is the prion caused disease in cow's?
- bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)
- What is the human form of mad cow disease?
- creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- This disease is found in new guinea and is transmitted by eating infected brains
- Kuru
- Is MS Autoimmune or infectious?
- It has been associated with both
- ____% of MS cases in US are caucasian
- 95%
- T or F: MS is more common in tropical climates.
- false; more common in moderate to cold climates
- In MS, visual disturbances occur _____% of the time and limb weakness occurs______% of the time.
- 20; 40
- What cells are destroyed in multiple sclerosis?
- oligodendrocytes
- MS affects the _______ matter of the brain
- white
- What disorder of the brain can thiamine deficiency cause?
- beriberi (also Wernicke's encephalopathy and Wernicke's Korsakoff syndrome
- Thiame def. Is most often seen in what population.
- Piss drunks
- What disease? Paralysis of extraocular muscles, ataxia, mental confusion
- Wernicke's encephalopathy
- What disease? Loss of recent memory, confabulation (making up stories)
- Korsakoff's psychosis (repeated bouts of Wernicke's)
- Vit B12 deficiency can cause all of the following except: high pressure, uncoordinated movements, abnormal gait, psychiatric symptoms
- High pressure (doesn't mention anything about pressure)
- Nicotinic acid is AKA ______
- Vitamin B3
- Nicotinic acid def. Causes the 3 D's: Dermatitis (photosensitivity), Diarrhea and __________.
- Delirium
- What is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly?
- Alzheimer's disease
- What disease? Slow progressive memory loss, genetic in small #'s, Neurofibrillary tangles and plaques, atrophy of cerebral cortex
- Alzheimer's disease
- A telltale sign of Alzheimer's Disease is __________ sulci and ________ gyri.
- widened; narrowed
- A patient with down syndrome survives past age 40. What neurological disorder are the patient's symptoms most likely to mimic?
- Alzheimer's disease
- What over-the-counter medicine is supposed to inhibit the effects of Alzheimer's?
- NSAIDS (like ibuprofen)
- What disease? Movement disorder, changes in extrapyramidal (involuntary) motor system, depigmented substantia nigra, Lewy bodies.
- Parkinson's
- The symptoms of Parkinson's include all of the following except: Pill rolling tremor, bradykinesia, dementia, instability while walking, flacidity, expresionless face.
- Flacidity (should be rigidity)
- T or F: there is a cure for parkinson's
- FALSE
- This cell is stained pink (eosinophilic) and is seen in Parkinson's disease
- Lewy Body
- Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's corea, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are all ____________ diseases
- degenerative
- What disease? Abnormality in chromsome 4, increased CAG trinucleotide repeats
- Huntington's (chorea)
- What disease? Involuntary gyrating movements, progressive dementia, brain atrophy, caudate nucleus, clinical abnormalities present in 30's to 40's
- Huntington's (chorea)
- What is the "layman" name for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
- Lou Gehrig's disease
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) presents w/ wasting and weakness of small muscles in hands, and is the loss of ________ cerebrospinal pathways in spinal cord.
- Lateral
- ALS is a progressive disorder of upper or lower motor neurons?
- both
- All of the following are characteristic of CNS neoplasms except: only 2% of cancer s, High mortality rate, Prominent in older age groups, 50% are primary, 50% metastasis
- Prominent in older age groups (they are more prominent in younger age groups)
- T or F: Primary malignant tumors of the CNS never metastasize
- True dat, hippie
- The four types of CNS tumors to remember are: Gliomas, Meningiomas, Medulloblastomas, and ___________.
- retinoblastoma
- What 2 subgroups of gliomas are there?
- Astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme
- What is the most common primary CNS tumor?
- Glioblastoma multiforme (stage four astrocytoma)
- An astrocytoma becomes a glioblastoma multiforme when it reaches grade ___.
- Four
- Astrocytomas occur in which part of the brain?
- Cerebellum
- What is the second most common CNS neoplasm?
- Meningioma
- All are characteristic of meningioma except: arise from the dura, rapid growth, compresses the brain
- rapid growth
- Meningiomas are characteristic of which of the following? Lewy bodies, caudate nucleus, pill-rolling tremor, psammoma bodies, depigmented substantia nigra?
- Psammomma bodies (calcifications)
- Meningiomas are benign or malignant?
- benign
- T or F: Benign meningiomas don't affect brain function.
- False, because they compress the brain
- Retinoblastoma is more common in kids or s?
- kids
- What area of the brain does medulloblastoma occur?
- Cerebellum
- All are characteristic of medulloblastoma except: more common in children, rapid growth, poor prognosis, psammoma bodies
- Psammomma bodies (calcifications)
- A ______ (hordeolum) is and acute supporative ______ infection of the hair folicle and associated glands of the eye.
- Sty, staph
- _______ is chronic inflammation of an obstructed meibomian gland often mistaken for a neoplasm.
- Chalazion
- __________, occuring in diabetics and other hyperlipidemic conditions, are small lipid plaques of foamy macrophages.
- Xanthelasmas
- ________ aka "pink eye" is contagious and caused by a virus or bacteria.
- Conjunctivitis
- Viral conjuctivitis = _____ discharge and _____ vision.
- watery, blurred
- _______ conjunctivitis = purulent discharge and no blurring
- bacterial
- ______ caused by chlamydia, are associated with ulcers and scarring leading to blindness.
- Trachomas
- Inflammation of the cornea is called ______.
- keratitis
- Hypertensive retinopathy leads to the formation of microaneurysms and hemorrhages into the retinal nerve fibers called ___________.
- dot and flame hemorrhages
- Edema of the optical disc is called _________ causing irreversible damage.
- papiledema
- Narrowing of retinal arterioles leads to a "copper wire effect" due to ____.
- hypertensive retinopathy
- Diabetic retinopathy promotes the formation of ______ and microaneurysms.
- cataracts
- Diabetic vessels are more permeable leading to edema and hemorrhage into the eye. This is known as ________ retinopathy and characterized by "________" and may lead to retinal detachment in severe cases.
- background, "cotton-wool spots"
- Due to progressive damage or atrophy to the optic nerve _______ causes peripheral loss of eyesight.
- glaucoma
- Which is not a risk factor of glaucoma: over 60, familial history of glaucoma, diabetes, farsightedness, smoking, black pt over 40.
- farsighted, NEARsighted is correct.
- Priamary glaucoma is idiopathic; secondary is related to a preexisting eye disease.
- True; True
- Secondary glaucoma is the most common form. T/F
- FALSE
- Priamary glaucoma can be classified as open or closed angle. Open angle is caused by _________.
- INTERNAL blockage of eye's drainage canals = increased P
- "Steamy cornea," rainbow halos around lights at night, acute onset intraocular pain and blurred vision are all due to ____ angle glaucoma caused by _______ drainage canal blockage.
- closed, ENTERING
- The most common cause of decreased vision in the US is _______, causing clouding of the lens due to the natural aging process.
- Cataracts
- The most common eye tumor of infants and young s.
- Retinoblastoma - deletion of Rb gene