Patho Ch 4 The Cell
Terms
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- What is the protoplasm and what does it contain?
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internal matrix of the cell;
- contains water (70-85%), proteins (10-20%), lipids (2-3%), carbohydrates and electrolytes
-Two egions:cytoplasm – lies outside the nucleus.
Karyoplasm or nucleoplasm which lies inside the nucleus - Name the functions of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
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mRNA - copies and carries DNA instructions for protein synthesis to cytoplasm
rRNA - site of protein synthesis once it moves to cytoplasm
tRNA – transports amino acids to the protein being synthesized - Describe the nucleus
- control center for the cell; contains most of the hereditary material
- What are ribosomes
- sites of protein synthesis
- Rough ER
- contains ribosomes; proteins made here are destined for incorporation into cll membranes, lysosomal enzymes or exportation from the cell.
- Smooth ER
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-free of ribosomes
-does not participate in protein synthesis
-site of lipid, lipotprotein and steroid hormone production - Golgi Complex
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-found near nucleus and associate with the ER
-Receives and modifies and ships out vesicles from ER - Lysosomes
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Digestive system of the cell
1. Primary lysosomes-contain hydrolytic enzymes that have not entered digestive process
2. Secondary lysosomes-activation of enzymes and degradation begins - What is Heterophagocytosis
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the uptake of material from outside the cell
-common with WBC's such as neutrophils and macrophages - What is Autophagy
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involves removal of damaged cellular organelles
-most common in cells undergoing atrophy - What is a phagosome
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an infolding of the cell membrane the brings in external material into cell
-phagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to start degradation - What is Tay-Sachs disease
- autosomal recessive disorder where GM2 ganglioside accumulates in the nervous system and other organs from a lack of the lysosomal enzyme hexosaminidase A
- What are peroxisomes
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-degrade peroxides and long fatty acid chains
-funtion in the control of free radicals - What is adrenoleukodystrophy
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most common disorder of peroxisomes which causes the buildup of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system
-results in dementia and adrenal insufficiency - What are proteosomes
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present in the nucleos and cytoplasm
-degrade misformed and misfolded proteins - What does the mitochondria do?
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Its the power plant of the cell that converts food into cellular energy (ATP)
-contains its own DNA, ribosomes and are self replicating - where does cellular respiration take place?
- in the inner mitochondrial membrane
- mitochondrial DNA is inherited from?
- the mother (matrilineally)
- What is the cytoskeleton composed of? What is their function
- microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments and thick filaments. They control cell shape and movement
- Describe the microtubles
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-composed of tubulin
-participate in intracellular transport
-form centrioles, basal bodies, cilia and flagella - What is colchicine?
- -a drug used to treat gout; reduces imflammatory reaction by interfering with microtubular function of WBCs and their movement
- Cilia and flagella are anchored to what?
- Basal bodies
- What is bronchiectasis
- disorder of the cilia in the respiratory trach that interferes with clearance of inhaled bacteria
- What are centrioles
- they form the mitotic spindle that aids in the separation and movement of the chromosomes during cell division
- What are basal bodies
- they are responsible for the formation of the core of the microtubules found in cilia and flagella
- What are microfilaments
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3 types:
1. thin actin filaments
2. intermediate
3. thick filaments - What is a neurofibrillary tangle
- found in the brain in Alzheimer's disease and contains microtubule-associated proteins
- Decribe the Cell membrane
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-separates intra from extracellular envornments
-provides receptors for hormones and other substances
-participates in electrical events that occur in nerve and muscle cells
-consist of lipids(glycolipids and cholesterol), carbs, and proteins - The types of proteins found in the cell membrane
- Transmembrane and peripheral
- What is the glycolalyx
- the cell coat that contains tisuue antigens (in RBCs the ABO antigens); participates in cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion
- Name the types of cell receptors
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1. G-protein-linked receptors
2. Ion-channel-linked
3. Enzyme-linked
4. Intracellular - Describe G-proteins
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-most common
-they mediate cellular responses for 1st messengers
-they bind to Guanine
-when bound to GDP, it is inactive
-when bound to GTP it is active
-passes the message to effectors
- - what is an effector
- an enzyme that converts an inactive molecule into a second messenger, usually cAMP
- what is adenyl cyclase
- its an enzyme that activates cAMP by tranferring phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins
- What is GTPase?
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an enzyme that converts GTP to GDP and thus inactivating the actions of the G-protein
-simply, its the on-off switch - How does Vibrio Cholerae work?
- it binds and activates the G-protein that is linked to the cAMP system in the intestine and causes the cells to overproduce fluid leading to severe diarrhea
- Describe Ion-channel-linked receptors
- involved in synaptic signaling between electrically excitable cells
- What are Enzyme-linked receptors?
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they activate the intracellular domain by way of enzyme(tyrosine kinase)activity
-they mediate calcium influx, increased sodium-potassium exhange, and stimulate glucose and amino acid uptake. - What are the 5 phases of the cell cycle
- Go, G1, S, G2, M
- stage of cell growth, organelle and protein synthesis
- G1 phase
- stage when DNA is replicated
- S phase
- Pre-mitotic phase, protein sysnthesis
- G2 phase
- phase during which cell mitosis occurs
- M phase
- non-dividing cell phase such as the stage of mature nerve cells
- Go phase
- The 4 stages of mitosis in the order that they happen
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PMAT
P-prophase
M-Metaphase
A-Anaphase
T-Telophase - T/F Lipofuscin, which is brown pigment characteristic of ageing, accumulates in lysosomes.
- True
- This organelles normally produces an enzyme that is missing in babies with Tay-Sachs disease
- Lysosomes
- The ABO antigens of the cell are found here
- The Cell Coat
- The receptors on nerve or muscle cells that respond to neurotransmittes are?
- Ion channels
- What are the functions of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and anaphase-promoting complex?
- They regulate cell division
- What are the byproducts of aerobic metabolism?
- CO2 and water
- List 3 examples of passive transport
- Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
- Glucose is transported into the cells by this process
- facilitated diffusion
- Name some lipid-soluble molecules that can cross directly through the cell membrane
- CO2, O2, alcohol, fatty acids, steroid hormones
- The ectoderm differentiates into what?
- the epidermis and nervous system
- The endoderm gives rise to?
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1.Epithelial linings of the resp tract and digestive system
2.glandular cells of organs such as the liver and pancreas - The mesoderm gives rise to?
- Smooth muscle tissue, CT, blood vessels, blood cells, bone marrow, skeletal tissue and reproductive and excretory organs
- The process that converts the bilaminar embryonic disk into a trilaminar embryonic disk
- gastrulation
- Bone forming cells
- osteoblast
- Cells that break down bone
- osteoclast
- Fat soluble vitamins
- ADEK
- What is glycolysis
- The anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm that breaks down glucose to pyruvate
- What is the process by which most of the ATP is made?
- Oxydative phosphorylation
- What is albumin?
- Plasma protein made in the liver
- What is BUN?
- Blood Urea Nitrogen; its a reflection of protein metabolism in the kidneys
- Cortisol is made here
- adrenal cortex
- Where does blood formation take place?
- mostly takes place in the red marrow of the bones.
- What are cytokines
- hormone-like growth factors that control the proliferation and differentiation and functional abilities of various blood blood cells
- What is hematocrit on a CBC?
- The percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood. For example, a hematocrit of 38 means that 38% of the blood's volume is composed of red cells.
- Name the granulocytes
- Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
- Major phagocytic granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- These granulocytes are the least numerous and secrete histamine when activated
- Basophils
- The two types of Agranulocytes
- Monocytes and lymphocytes
- Name the four types of tissues
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Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous - Where is transitional epithelium found
- Bladder, ureters, renal pelvis
- Where can you find Pseudostratified Epith.
- Respiratory and tracheal passages
- Where can you find stratified cuboidal
- Ducts of swet glands
- Where can you find simple cuboidal
- collecting tubules of kidney and the covering of ovaries
- Where is simple columnar epith.
- lining of intestine and gallbladder
- Where is simple squamous epith. found?
- Lining of blood vessels, alveoli, and body cavities
- Where is stratified columnar epith. found?
- Salivary glands, mammary glands, and conjuctiva
- The types of especialized connective tissue
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Blood
Bone
Cartilage - This type of glandular cell ruptures and releases its entire contents into a duct system
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Holocrine cells
An example is sebaceous glands - This type of cell loses the apical portion of its cell along with small portions of the cytoplasm. e.g. mammary glands, certain sweat glands
- Apocrine glands
- These glands release their products by exocytosis
- Merocrine or eccrine-type glands. e.g. salivary glands, exocrine glands of the pancreas
- This tissue comprises the framework of the liver, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs
- Reticular tissue
- This tissue makes up tendons and ligaments
- Dense regular
- This tissue is found on the dermis of the skin
- Dense irregular
- This tissue is found in subcutaneous areas
- loose or areolar
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Functions are:
1.Synthesis of lipid molecules
2.Regulate intracellular calcium
3.Metabolism and detoxification - Smooth ER
- Deficiency of hexosaminidase A needed for degrading of GM2 gangliosides
- Tay-Sachs
- They catalyze the phosphorylation of amino acids in the protein structure causing conformational changes
- Protein kinases
- Mediate cellular responses such as calcium influx, sodium-potassium exchange, and stimulation of glucose uptake
- Enzyme-linked receptors
- harnesses energy from primary active transport (usually sodium ions) and uses it for cotransport of a second substance
- Secondary active transport
- In this type of transport sodium and solute are transported in same direction
- Cotransport/Symport
- Channels that open and close in response to such mechanical stimulations as vibrations, tissue stretching, and pressure
- Mechanically gated channels
- The 3 types of gated channels
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1. voltage gated
2. ligand gated
3. mechanically gated - T/F Potential difference and voltage are synonymous
- TRUE
- T/F In the resting state, the concentration of K ions is opprox 35 times greater inside than outside
- TRUE
- This hormone is responsible for the start of menses in females and secondary sex characteristics in men
- leuteninzing hormone; its a gonadotropin