Parasitology Final Exam
Terms
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- Parasites with arrested stages
-
Strongyloides: L4
Toxacara: L2 (somatic migration)
Ancylostoma: L3 (muscle), reactivated during stress/pregnancy
Ostertagia: L4 in gastric glands (type II ostertagiasis)
Oesophagostomum: L3 in submucosal cysts thru out intestine
Trichinella: L1 encyst in muscle tissue, reactivated when ingested by warm blooded animal -
Aelurostrongylus
1. site & host
2. clinical sign
3. mode of transmission
4. dx -
1. lungs of cat
2. chronic cough
3. ingestion of rodent/bird/frog or snail/slug
4. dx: larvae in feces/sputum -
Alaria
1. site & hosts
2. zoonosis -
1. dog/cat SI
2. resp. distress, death from eating raw frog legs -
Anoplocephala
1. site & host
2. mode of transmission -
1. horse SI
2. forage mite -
Ancylostoma
1. host & site
2. PPP
3. mode of transmission
4. signs
5. arrest?
6. zoonosis -
1. dog SI
2. 3 wks
3. ingestion of L3, ingestion of PT, skin penetration, transmammary
4. anemia, edema, melena
5. L3 in muscle
6. cutaneous LM -
Ascaris suum
1. site & host
2. PPP
3. mode of transmission
4. migration? -
1. pig SI
2. 60 d.
3. ingestion of infective egg
4. hepatotracheal -
Balantidium
1. class of parasite
2. site -
1. only known pathogenic CILIATE
2. LI -
Calliphoridae
1. site of eggs
2. site of larvae (maggots)
3. signs -
1. carrion, wounds, decaying veggie matter
2. wounds, wet hair (eat dead flesh)
3. wool strike -
Coccidiosis
1. oocysts
2. age of animal affected
3. specificity -
1. oocysts not infectious when passed
2. young more likely to have clinical dz
3. all species host specific -
Coccidiosis in Dogs & Cats
1. who shows clinical dz
2. signs
3. tx -
1. young, immunosuppressed
2. bloody/mucoid diarrhea
3. none needed -
Cochliomyia
1. common name
2. site of larvae -
1. primary screwworm
2. edge of wound (feed on living tissue) -
Cryptosporidium
1. oocysts
2. pathology
3. control
4. hosts -
1. oocysts infectious when passed (large # passed)
2. calves < 3 wks: severe diarrhea
3. resistant to many disinfectants
4. many mammals, incl. man -
Culicoides
1. site of larvae
2. pathology -
1. water or rotting vegetation
2. bites --> swelling, pruritis (ddx: swinepox) -
Cyathasomes
1. site & host
2. PPP
3. tx, control
4. signs -
1. horse LI (2-4 yrs old)
2. > 3 mo.
3. resistant to many drugs; rotate pastures
4. anemia, diarrhea -
Dermanyssus
1. common name
2. feeding habits
3. signs -
1. red mite/roost mite
2. feed on birds at night
3. anemia -
Orithonyssus
1. common name
2. feeding habits
3. signs -
1. Northern fowl mite
2. spends most of time on birds
3. matted feathers -
Dicrocoelium
1. host & site
2. life cycle
3. pathology in what age group -
1. sheep/goat, bile duct
2. land snail --> ants
3. older animals -
Dictyocaulus
1. site & hosts
2. control -
1. lungs of ruminants, horses
2. don't graze horses w/ donkeys -
Diphyllobothrium
1. hosts
2. mode of transmission
3. parasite type -
1. dogs, man
2. ingestion of fish
3. cestode -
Dipylidium
1. hosts
2. mode of transmission
3. dx
4. zoonosis -
1. dog/cat
2. ingestion of fleas
3. OVAL segs in feces, oval egg packets filled w/ spherical eggs
4. infected by eating fleas (adult worm in SI) - Dirofilaria life cycle
- MF in blood of dog --> MF ingested by mosquito during blood meal --> L3 in mosquito's abdomen --> L3 to body cavity of mosquito (needs ~2 wks at >60F) --> L3 enters skin of dog when mosquito feeds --> L4 migrate thru CT --> pulmonary aa. (2-3 mo.) --> L5 (3-4 mo.) --> adults begin producing MF ~6 mo. after infection
-
Echinococcus granulosus
1. definitive host
2. intermediate hosts
3. zoonosis -
1. dog
2. ruminant, pig, man
3. unilocular cysts in various organs -
Echinoccus multilocularis
1. definitive host
2. intermediate hosts
3. zoonosis -
1. dog, cat
2. rodents, cow, horse, pig, man
3. multilocular cysts in various organs, infiltrative like a tumor -
Eimeria bovis
1. type of parasite
2. signs
3. age of affected cow
4. tx -
1. protozoa
2. diarrhea, tenesmus
3. young
4. prophylaxis w/ medicated food/water -
Entamoeba
1. reservoir host
2. dead end host
3. type of parasite -
1. man
2. dog: don't form infectious cysts
3. amoeba -
Eutyrema
1. type of parasite
2. site & host -
1. trematode
2. pancreatic duct, cat -
Fasciola hepatica
1. site & host
2. life cycle
3. pathology
4. dx
5. zoonosis -
1. liver, bile ducts of ruminants
2. pond snail --> water vegetation
3. liver damage, bile duct stenosis, anemia, edema (similar to Haemonchus), liver condemnation
4. fecal sed
5. eating raw liver -
Fascioloides magna
1. definitive host
2. dead end host & site
3. life cycle
4. pathology
5. dx -
1. cervids
2. ruminants, liver
3. pond snail --> water veg.
4. sheep/goats: severe liver damage, sudden death
cows: liver condemnation
5. necropsy -
Gasterophilus
1. common name
2. site of eggs
3. site of larvae
4. when to tx -
1. horse bot fly
2. forelegs, face of horse
3. stomach of horse (passed in feces)
4. tx after fly free date (after frost) -
Giardia
1. infective stage
2. pathology -
1. cysts
2. malabsorption -
Glossina
1. common name
2. site of larvae
3. reservoir
4. dz transmission -
1. tse tse fly
2. sandy soil
3. wild ruminants
4. African sleeping sickness, nagana -
Habronema/Draschia
1. site & host
2. mode of transmission
3. signs
4. tx -
1. stomach of horse
2. flies that bite horse
3. anorexia, gastritis, skin lesions
4. fly control -
Haemonchus
1. site & host
2. signs
3. tx -
1. abomasum of sheep/goats
2. anemia, hypoproteinemia, inc. HR, RR
3. resistant to several drugs -
Haemotobia
1. common name
2. site of larvae
3. pathology -
1. horn fly
2. cow manure
3. painful bites, wt. loss -
Hemoproteus
1. site & host
2. mode of transmission
3. pathology -
1. gamonts in RBCs of birds
2. mosquito feeds of bird
3. none -
Heterakis
1. host
2. mode of transmission
3. pathology
4. control -
1. chicken, turkey
2. ingestion of earthworms
3. carry protozoa Histomonas --> blackhead dz in turkeys
4. don't mix chicken w/ turkeys -
Heterobilharzia
1. type of parasite
2. site & host
3. mode of transmission
4. pathology
5. zoonosis -
1. trematode
2. mesenteric vessels of dog
3. skin penetration
4. ova in mesenteris venules --> granulomatous rxn, diarrhea, etc.
5. swamp itch -
Hypoderma
1. common name
2. site of larvae
3. tx -
1. cattle grub
2. SQ cysts on back
3. tx that kills bot while in spinal canal or esophagus --> paralysis or bloat --> tx right after fly season ends, when not encysted -
Isospora suis
1. site & host
2. age affected
3. pathology
4. mode of infection -
1. pig SI
2. neonatal
3. diarrhea
4. contaminated farrowing crates -
Keds
1. site of larvae
2. mode of transmission -
1. wool
2. direct contact -
Leishmania
1. site
2. mode of transmission
3. 3 froms -
1. monocytes
2. sand fly
3. cutaneous, mucocutaneous, visceral -
Leucocytozoon
1. site & host
2. site of larvae
3. mode of transmission
4. pathology -
1. gamonts in WBCs of birds
2. running water
3. black fly
4. bird malaria (anemia, bronchitis) -
Metastrongylus
1. site & host
2. mode of infection -
1. bronchi of pigs
2. ingestion of earthworms -
Moniezia
1. site & host
2. mode of transmission
3. type of parasite -
1. SI, ruminants
2. forage mites
3. cestode -
Musca autumnalis
1. common name
2. site of larvae
3. pathology
4. biting? -
1. face fly
2. fresh cow manure
3. feed on lacrimal secretions of cattle
4. NO -
Musca domestica
1. common name
2. site of larvae
3. vector for?
4. biting? -
1. house fly
2. decaying organic matter
3. Crypto, Habronema
4. NO -
Nanophyetus
1. site & host
2. life cycle
3. pathology
4. zoonosis -
1. SI of dogs/cats
2. river snail --> salmon/trout
3. salmon poisoning (Neorickettsia helminthocea)
4. flukes only -
Neospora
1. host
2. mode of transmission
3. pathology -
1. dog (DH & IH)
2. ingestion of sporulated oocysts from dog feces or transplacental
3. dog: ascending hind limb paresis
cattle/sheep: abortion -
Oesophagostomum
1. site & host
2. pathology -
1. ruminants & pigs, LI
2. L3 in submucosal cysts thru out inestines -
Oestrus
1. common name
2. site of larvae -
1. sheep bot
2. nostrils of sheep/goats -
Ostertagia
1. site & host
2. PPP
3. life cycle
4. signs -
1. abomasum of cow
2. 3 wks
3. Type 1: L4 to abomasal lumen
Type 2: L4 arrest in gastric glands
4. hypoproteinemia, diarrhea, anorexia, edema -
Oxyuris
1. site & host
2. signs
3. dx -
1. LI of horse
2. colitis, perianal itching (bare tailhead)
3. scotch tape test (oval eggs w/ single operculum) -
Paragonimus
1. site & hosts
2. life cycle
3. signs
4. dx -
1. lungs of dog/cat
2. river snail --> crayfish
3. chronic cough, rusty sputum
4. fecal sed -
Paramphistomum
1. site & host
2. life cycle
3. path due to what stage -
1. rumen of ruminants
2. pond snail --> water vegetation
3. migrating immature flukes in duodenum -
Parascaris
1. site & host
2. mode of transmission
3. signs
4. PPP
5. age affected
6. tx -
1. SI of horse
2. ingestion of infective egg
3. pot belly, diarrhea, rough coat, colic
4. 80 d.
5. young (< 2 mo.)
6. start at 2 mo, every 2 mo for 1 yr -
Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia
1. common names
2. site of larvae
3. vector for? -
1. sand flies, gnats
2. organic matter
3. Leishmania -
Physaloptera
1. site & hosts
2. mode of transmission -
1. stomach of dogs/cats
2. ingestion of dung beetle -
Plasmodium
1. site & host
2. pathology -
1. meronts, gamonts in RBCs of birds
2. malaria (anemia, vessel occlusion, paralysis) -
Platynosomum
1. site & host
2. life cycle
3. pathology -
1. bile/pancreatic ducts of cat
2. land snail --> roly poly bug --> lizard/toad
3. usually none, "lizard poisoning" -
Psoroptes, Chorioptes
1. common names
2. site on host -
1. scab mites
2. under scab -
Sarcocystis cruzi
1. type of parasite
2. DH, IH
3. pathology
4. mode of transmission -
1. protozoa
2. DH: dog, IH: cow
3. dog: none
cow: Dalmeny dz: abortion, anorexia, rat tail
4. cow: eats sporocysts from dog feces
dog: eats infected raw meat -
Sarcocystis neurona
1. DH, IH, dead end host
2. pathology
3. tx
4. mode of transmission -
1. DH: opossum, IH: bird, dead end host: horse
2. equine protozoan myelitis: ataxia, muscle atrophy (may be latent for 2 yrs)
4. sporocysts from opossum feces survive for ~ 1 yr, infectious when passed -
Simulium, Cnephia
1. common names
2. site of larvae
3. pathology
4. vector for? -
1. black flu, southern buffalo gnat
2. flowing water
2. irritating bites --> blood loss, toxemia
3. leucocytozoon (birds) -
Spirometra
1. DH
2. what's shed by DH
4. zoonosis -
1. dog, cat
2. ova, NOT segs
3. sparganosis: larvae in organs & muscle (drinking stream water) -
Stomoxys
1. common name
2. site of larvae
3. pathology
4. where commonly found -
1. stable fly
2. rotting veggie matter or manure
3. painful bites (cattle, horses, man)
4. outside walls of buildings -
Strongyloides
1. site
2. unique life cycle trait
3. modes of transmission
4. PPP
5. age affected -
1. SI
2. free living generation: sexual rep outside host
3. skin penetration or lactogenic
4. 5-10 d.
5. newborns: reinfect mom -
tx of stronglye infection in horses
5 points -
1. avoid putting foals on pasture w/ yearlings
2. remove feces
3. tx every 2 mo. w/ high density grazing &/or young susceptible horses
4. larvacidal drugs when coming off & going on pasture to eliminate migrating or encysted larvae
5. monitor fecal egg counts -
Strongylus vulgaris
1. site & host
2. PPP
3. migration
4. pathology -
1. LI of horse
2. 6 mo.
3. LI --> cranial mesenteric a. --> LI
4. colic, diarrhea, infarction -
Syngamus
1. site & host
2. mode of transmission
3. signs -
1. trachea of birds
2. ingesting earthworm or infective eggs/larvae
3. coughing -
Tabanus, Chrysops
1. common names
2. site of larvae
3. biting?
4. good vector d/t? -
1. horsefly, deerfly
2. water
3. yes
4. interrupted feeding, large blood meals -
Taenia hydatigena
1. DH
2. IH
3. pathology in IH -
1. dog
2. sheep, pigs
3. liver damage, black dz --> liver condemnation -
Taenia multiceps
1. DH
2. IH
3. pathology in IH -
1. dog
2. sheep, cattle, cat
3. brain damage: blindness, incoordination, head pressing -
Taenia ovis
1. DH
2. IH
3. pathology in IH -
1. dog
2. sheep
3. muscle & heart damage --> mutton condemnation -
Taenia pisiformis
1. DH
2. IH
3. dx -
1. dog
2. rabbit, squirrel
3. rectangular segs; spherical ova w/ striated shell -
Taenia saginata
1. DH
2. IH
3. pathology in IH -
1. man
2. cattle
3. muscle & heart damage --> beef condemnation (measly beef) -
Taenia solium
1. DH
2. IH
3. pathology in DH
4. pathology in IH -
1. man
2. pig
3. if ingest ova (self infection): cysticerci in various organs
4. muscle & heart damage --> pork condemnation (measly pork) -
Taenia taeniaeformis
1. DH
2. IH -
1. cat
2. rodent - Lone Star Tick
- Amblyomma americanum
- Brown dog tick & vector for...
-
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Ehrlichia, Babesia canis - American dog tick & vector for...
-
Dermacenter variablis
RMSF - Deer tick & vector for...
-
Ixodes scapularis
Lyme dz -
Toxocara canis
1. site & host
2. mode of transmission
3. PPP
4. tx
5. signs
6. zoonosis
7. arrest?
8. time outside host to develop? -
1. SI of dog
2. ingestion of infective egg, ingestion of PT, transmammary, transuterine
3. 3-5 wks
4. start at 2-3 wks every 2 wks
5. pot bellied, diarrhea
6. visceral/ocular LM
7. yes: in SI
8. 3 wks -
Toxocara cati
1. site & host
2. mode of transmission
3. PPP
4. zoonosis
5. tx -
1. SI of cat
2. ingestion of egg, ingestion of PT, transmammary
3. 8 wks
4. visceral LM
5. start at 6 wks -
Toxoplasma
1. site of asexual stages
2. site of sexual stages
3. modes of transmission
4. which stages are infectious? -
1. all warm blooded verts (any nucleated cell)
2. cat ONLY
3. ingestion of sporulated oocysts (NOT sporulated when passed), ingestion of merozoites in flesh of host, transplacental (rare in cats)
4. ALL -
Toxoplasma
1. signs in cats
2. signs in man -
1. usually none, enteritis, pneumonia, encephalitis
2. usually none
congenital: if woman becomes infected DURING pregnancy: CNS pathology
acquired: cerebral toxo in AIDS patients -
Trichinella
1. host & site
2. mode of transmission
3. dx
4. signs in man -
1. SI of any warm blooded animal
2. pigs eats rodent carcasses
infective L1 encyst in muscle, reactivate when ingested
3. NO eggs or larva in feces (do serology)
4. paralysis, myositis, enteritis -
Trichomonas gallinae
1. host
2. mode of transmission
3. pathology -
1. birds (pigeons)
2. regurgitation, ingestion of birds
3. fluid in crop -
Trichostrongyles in Cool Climate
1. development & transmission
2. tx
3. reactivation of L4 -
1. summer --> early fall
2. spring, late fall
3. early spring -
Trichostrongyles in Warm Climate
1. development & transmission
2. tx
3. reactivation of L4 -
1. winter --> early spring
2. fall, late spring
3. early fall -
Trichostrongylus
1. site & hosts
2. PPP
3. pathology
4. control -
1. stomach of horse/ruminants
2. 3 wks
3. horses: diarrhea, eroded stomach epi
4. don't cograze horses w/ sheep, goats -
Trichuris
1. site & host
2. PPP
3. mode of transmission
4. hard to tx/control b/c...
5. signs
6. eggs require time outside host? -
1. LI of dog
2. 3 mo.
3. ingestion of infective eggs
4. eggs very resistant outside host, sporadic egg producers, drugs DO NOT kill larvae or immature adults during 1st 2 mo. of infection
5. intermittent bloody diarrhea, anorexia
6. 3 wks -
Tritrichomonas
1. hosts
2. modes of transmission
3. signs -
1. cattle, cats
2. veneral in cattle
3. bulls: none (permanent carriers), cows: abortion (immune after 1st infection), cats: chronic large bowel diarrhea -
Trypanosoma
1. site & host
2. disease name
3. pathology
4. mode of transmission
5. zoonosis -
1. all nucleated cells of dogs
2. Chagas dz
3. anemia, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy
4. reduviid bugs
5. CHF