Flies and Mosquitoes
Terms
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- Musca domestica
- House fly
- commonly found around livestock and poultry
- House fly
- breeds in accumulating manure sources
- House fly
- It is grayish with 4 dark thoracic stripes, equipped with sponging, nonbiting mouthparts
- House fly
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Life cycle
can be completed in as few as 10-14 days - House fly
- Even though they do not feed on blood, annoyance is caused by their movement on and off animals. This can lead to reduced performance
- House fly
-
They have been implicated in the transmission of numerous pathogenic agents of veterinary importance.
They are a public annoyance - House fly
- Other species of filth-breeding flies that may occur around livestock:
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1. Little house flies
2. Dump or garbage flies
3. False stable flies
4. Black soldier flies
5. Blow flies
6. Moth flies - Little house flies
- Fannia sp.
- Dump or garbage flies
- Ophyra sp.
- False stable flies
- Muscina sp.
- Black soldier flies
- Hermetia illucens
- Blow flies
- Calliphoridae sp.
- Moth flies
- Psychodidae sp.
- necessary to control fly-populations in and around livestock and poultry.
- A thorough sanitation program
- supplementary to sanitation and management measures aimed at preventing fly breeding.
- Insecticides
- provide up to 2-4 weeks of control with one treatment may be applied to fly-resting surfaces.
- Residual sprays
- immediate reduction of high numbers of adult flies
- Space sprays, mists, or fogs with quick “knockout†but no residual action
- Other controls for adult flies
- insecticide resin strips or various fly baits.
- applied directly to fly-breeding sources
- Larvicides
- Several species of blowflies cause myiasis in sheep
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Black blowflies
Green bottle fly - Black blowflies
- Phormia regina and Protophormia terraenovae
- Green bottle fly
- Lucilia sericata, Lucilia illustris, Cochliomyia (Callitroga), macellaria (secondary screwworm) and some others are usually secondary invaders.
- A common site of Blowfly strike
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the breech, where flies are attracted to wool soaked with urine or contaminated with feces. The body of the sheep also may be struck. This is usually associated with soaking rains that cause development of fleece-rot, often characterized by discoloration due to Pseudomonas sp. Or dermatophilosis.
Other sites are heads of horned rams, wool around the prepuce, sides where feet with foot rot come in contact with the fleece, and wounds. - Eggs, are laid below the tip of the fleece, hatch within 24 hours if conditions are moist.
- Blowfly Strike
- Moisture and nutrients from serum, feces, ect, are necessary for survival of the first-stage maggot.
- Blowfly Strike
- Second-stage larva can abrade the skin with its mouth hooks to obtain food.
- Blowfly Strike
- Once established, strikes can spread rapidly and attract more blowflies, secondary as well as primary.
- Blowfly Strike
- Bad strikes can be fatal, but even mild strikes can cause rapid loss of condition.
- Blowfly Strike
- should be diagnosed early, behavior of the sheep is a good indicator of myiasis.
- Blowfly Strike
- may be suspected if the larvae are associated with wounds.
- Screwworm (Blowfly Strike)
- Blowfly Strike can be effectively controlled for 6-8 weeks by
- “tagging†or “Crutching†(wool is shorn between the legs and around the tail).
- controls outbreaks involving other parts of the body.
- Complete shearing
- most efficient procedure (Blowfly Strike)
- to force insecticide into the fleece under high pressure (jetting) protection can last 6-8 weeks
- There are about ______ species of mosquitoes
- 3000
- the most prominent of the numerous kinds of bloodsucking arthropods
- Mosquitoes
- can be found in salt marshes, snow pools above 14,000 ft and to 3600 ft below sea level in the gold mines of India.
- Mosquitoes
- subject to attack of mosquitoes
- All classes of livestock, dogs, wildlife, and man
- Important genera of mosquitoes include
- Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Culiseta, and Psorophora.
- lay their eggs either directly on the surface of standing water or, in the case of most Aedes and Psorophora sp, on a substrate such as damp soil where they hatch following flooding.
- Mosquitoes
- also known as “wigglers†and “tumblers†are aquatic.
- mosquito Larvae and pupae
- Some species have several generations per year
- mosquitoes
- egg stage in the winter
- Aedes and Psorophora sp. (mosquitoes)
- adult stage in the winter
- Anopheles, Culex and Culiseta sp (mosquitoes)
- Injuries that mosquitoes inflict on livestock consist mainly of
- annoyance, blood loss, and transmission of several diseases
- mosquito transmitted diseases
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Equine encephalomyelitis
Malaria
Yellow Fever
Elephantiasis
Heartworms - treatment and control of mosquitoes
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Eliminate or reduce areas of land that harbor mosquito larvae
Larvicides
Insecticides that are active against adults - Ox Warbles or Cattle Grubs
- Hypoderma species
- two larval species of Hypoderma flies
- Ox Warbles or Cattle Grubs
- heavy and resemble honey bees, the are often called
- Adult flies / heel flies
- entire life cycle is almost a year
- Ox Warbles or Cattle Grubs
- bothersome to cattle as they approach to lay their eggs
- Adult flies
- Gadding
- Cattle can become apprehensive and disturbed and attempt to escape by running away
- Eggs are about 1mm long and are attached to hairs on the legs of cattle
- Ox Warbles or Cattle Grubs
- hatch in about r days and crawl down the hair shaft to the skin which they penetrate
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Ox Warbles or Cattle Grubs
larvae - Cattle Grub Larvae
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wander through the subcutaneous connective tissues in the leg and migrate through the esophagus or the region of the spinal canal and epidural fat until they reach the subcutaneous tissues of the back.
Here they create breathing holes in the skin of the dorsum; it is through these pores that they later exit and fall to the ground to pupate - Beelike and are covered with yellow to orange hairs
- Cattle Grub adults
- Cream to dark brown and covered with small spines
- Cattle Grub Larvae
- Consist of large cyst like swellings on the back, with central breathing pore
- Cattle Grub Lesions
- Larvae of the genus Cuterebra (wolf Warble) infest the skin of
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1. rabbits
2. squirrel
3. mice
4. rats,
5. chipmunks
6. dogs
7. cats - larva stage of most Cuterebra when recovered in a veterinary setting
- second or third stage larvae
- 5-10 mm long, and cream to grayish white. They are often covered with tiny, black, tooth like spines.
- Cuterebra second stage larvae
- large, robust, coal-black, and heavily spined
- Cuterebra third stage larvae
- found in swollen, cyst like subcutaneous sites, with a fistula or pore communicating to the outside environment, which it breaths through.
- Cuterebra Larval stages
- Adult flies lay eggs near the entrance to rodent burrows.
- Cuterebra
- Pets usually contract this parasite while investigating or hunting rodent prey. As a result, the most commonly affected sites in dogs and cats are the subcutaneous tissues of the neck and face.
- Cuterebra
- Usually occur during the late summer and early fall
- Cuterebra
- The most commonly affected sites in dogs and cats are the subcutaneous tissues of the neck and face.
- Cuterebra
- Among the myiasis-producing flies, this larva is known for its aberrant or erratic migrations, having been found in a variety of extracutaneous sites.
- Cuterebra
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They are diagnosed by observing the characteristic swollen, cystlike subcutaneous lesion, with a fistula or central pore communicating to the outside environment.
Second and third stage larvae are usually removed from these lesions. - Cuterebra
- They are diagnosed by observing the characteristic swollen, cystlike subcutaneous lesion, with a fistula or central pore communicating to the outside environment.
- Cuterebra
- They are usually removed from the breathing pore with forceps, taking great care not to crush the larva during extraction because anaphylaxis might result
- Cuterebra
- Cochliomyia Hominivorax
- (primary screwworm) lavae of the blow fly
- In obligatory myiasis the dipteran larvae lead a parasitic existence
- Screwworms
- is a primary invader of fresh, uncontaminated skin wounds of domestic animals.
- Cochliomyia Hominivorax
- These larvae must not be confused with the larvae of other myiasis-producing flies
- Screwworms
- Economically it is the most important fly that attacks livestock in the southwestern and southern United States.
- Screwworms
- Adult female screwworms are attracted to
- attracted to fresh skin wounds on any warm-blooded animal
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They lay batches of 15-500 eggs in a shingle-like pattern at the edge of wounds
They hatch within 24 hours - Screwworms
- Larvae enter the wound, where they feed for 4-7 days before developing into third-stage (fully grown) larvae. They may be as long as 1.5cm in length, at this stage they resemble a wood screw
- Screwworms
- When fully grown larvae drop to the ground and pupate for about a week, after which the adult flies emerge.
- Screwworms
- The adult male and female fly breed only once during their lifetime, a fact that is used to control these flies biologically
- Screwworms
- Adult flies are shiny and greenish-blue, with a reddish orange head and eyes, and are 8-15 mm long.
- Screwworms
- Larvae often are identified by their wood screw shape and by the deeply pigmented tracheal tubes of the dorsal aspect of the caudal ends.
- Screwworms
- veterinarian must report any screwworm infestations to both state and federal authorities
- Because of the obligatory nature of the screwworm to breed in the fresh wounds of any warm-blooded animal, the veterinarian must
- eradicated from the United States but occasionally enter the country in imported animals.
- Screwworms
- smear
- direct application of a wound dressing that kills screwworms
- contain lindane or ronnel applied with a paint brush and should reach all the many pockets formed by the burrowing larvae, a thin layer should also be applied to the skin surrounding the wound to protect from reinfestation.
- screwworm smears
- aerosol, dust, or foam formulations of coumaphos, lindane, or ronnel.
- other screwworm treatments
- animals can be sprayed thoroughly with ronnel or sprayed or dipped in coumaphos
- As a prophylatic measure to protect animals from infestation and also kill larvae in small, difficult –to-detect wounds
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has been shown to clear wounds within 3 days and prevent reinfestation for 14 days following injection
(screwworms in cattle) - S.Q. injection of ivermectin
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. - Filth Flies
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. - House Fly
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. - Blowfly Strike
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. - Maggots
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. - mosquitoes
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. - Damage to hide caused by cattle grubs
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. -
Hypoderma bovis
Cattle Grubs -
. - Adult fly and dead cow from screwworm
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. - Screwworm infestation of eye and naval
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. - Screwworm larvae
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. -
Cuterebra and breathing pores or
Fistula tracts -
. - Cuterebra
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. - Cuterebra larvae 3rd stage and a cuterebra breathing pore or fistula tract
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. - Cuterebra