parasites 2
Terms
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- Erratic/Aberrant Parasite
-
wandering from usual locatin/organ to another where it does not usually live
(HW - eye) - Incidental parasite
-
occurs in host in which it does not normally live
(hookworm - SC in children) - Facultative parasite
-
free-living organism in nature that becomes a parasite in certain hosts
(lice) - Obligatory parasite
- must lead a parasitic life. not capable of free-living existence (HW)
- Periodic parasite
- does not have to necessarily live on or within host. (mosquito, tick)
- Intermediate host
- Harbors larval, juvenile, or immature forms. May be more than one in the life cycle. Transfers parasite from one host to another. Parasite changes and develops in this host.
- Transport / Paranteric host
- Intermediate host. No change develops, but remains arrested/encysted. Once in definitive host, larvae "wake up"
- Groups of parasites (6)
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Platyhelmniths
Nematodes
Acanthocephalins
Annelids
Arthropods
Protozoans - Annelids
- leeches
- Arthropods
- insects, mites, ticks, spiders
- Platyhelminths
-
flattened
Trematodes & Flukes - Nematodes
- roundworms, largest group
- Acanthocephalins
- thorny-headed worms
- Protozoans
-
unicellular organisms
Toxoplasmosis, giardia, coccidiosis - Trophozoite
- motile form of protozoan
- Cyst
- non-motile form
- Mastigophora
-
flagellated protozoans
giardia, leishmania,
tritrichomonas foetus - Giardia - source
- contaminated water
- Giardia - diagnosis
-
motile trophozoites in saline
immunodiagnostic tests - Giardia - treatment
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Metronidazole x 5 days
Panacur - Leishmania sp.
-
blood protozoan
transmitted by sandflies
diagnose with biopsy - Tritrichomonas foetus
- spontaneous abortion in cattle
- Sarcodina
-
Protozoa subphylum
Amoebas - Entamoeba histolytica
-
produces amebic dysentry
primates
motile forms in direct smear or fecal float - Ciliophora
-
Protozoa subphylum
Balantidium coli
Ichthyophthirium multifiliis - Balantidium coli
- diarrhea in dogs, in cecum & colon. more common in swine
- Ichthyophthirium multifiliis
- Ich. May be visible to naked eye under epidermis of fish. Waterborne, difficult to treat
- Apicomplexans
-
protozoa phylum - largest group
Isospora, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, Sarcocystis -
Isospora canis/felis
common name - coccidia
- Isospora sp. prepatent period
- 7-14 days
-
Name - Isospora spp, coccidia
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Name - Ancyclostoma caninum, hookworm
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Name - Toxocara canis, roundworm
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Name - Trichuris vulpis, whipworm
- Arthropods type of skeleton
-
chitonous exoskeleton
drugs effect chitin - Arthropods body cavity
- hemocoel, filled with hemolymph
- Arthropods circulatory system
- primitive w/ primitive tube
- Arhropods respiratory system
- variaty: gills, book lungs, tracheal tubes
- Major SubPhylums of Arthropods
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Mandibulata
Chelicarata - Mandibulata - 3 classes
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Crustacea
Myriopoda
Insecta - Class Crustacea
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aquatic arthropods
usually intermediate hosts
casual agents on fish - Class Myriopoda
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centipedes, millipeds
toxin producing - Class Insecta - anatomy
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Head: brain, mouthparts, antennae +/- eyes
Thorax: 3 pairs of legs, +/- wings
Abdomen: reproductive organs - Insecta life stages
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Simple: egg, nymph, adult
Complex: egg, larvae, pupa, adult - Dictoptera
- cockroaches, vector for salmonella
- Coleoptera
- beetles, intermediate hosts for Spirocerca lupi, a nematode that produces esophageal nodules
- Hemiptera
- bugs
- Reduvid bugs
-
kissing bugs
intermediate host for protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi
suck blood from host and defecate - Bed bugs
-
Cimex lectularius
periodic blood meals
Problems in rabbits, poultry, people -
Chewing Lice
name and characteristics -
Mallophaga
smaller, yellow, large head -
Sucking Lice
name and characteristics -
Anoplura
bigger, red to gray, smaller head - Lice anatomy
-
flattened dorsoventrally, wingless, 3 body sections
legs on thorax for holding on - Order Diptera
- two-winged flies
- Myiasis
- flies develop in SQ tissue or internal organs
- Flea - order & scientific name
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Siphonaptera
Ctenocephalides felis - Pentastomes
- reptile parasites
- Canine pentastome
- Linguatula serrata
- Soft ticks
- Argasid
- Hard ticks
- Ixodid
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Mites and Ticks
subphylum, class - Chelicerata, Acarina
- Acarina anatomy
-
not insects
two-part body:
capitulum (mouth)
idiosome (abdomen)
mouthparts suck blood to attach - Acarina reproduction
-
no metamorphosis
egg, larva, nymph, adult - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick
- Dermacentor andersoni
- Benzimidazoles - names
-
Thiabendazole (Equizole/TBA)
Febendazole (Panacur)
Albendazole
Mebendazole (Telmintic)
Oxibendazole (Anthelcide EQ) - Benzimadozole uses
-
Dogs: R,H,W, Taenia
Cattle/Sheep: Ascarids, liver flukes, tapeworms, lungworms
Exotics - Benzimadozole adverse effects
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V/D, hepatotoxicity
not for cats - Organophosphate names
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Trichlorfon (Combot)
Coumaphos (Baymix)
Haloxon
Dichlorvos (Task) - Organosphosphate uses
-
systemic against bots in large animals
used little in D & C - Organophosphate adverse effects
- V/D, tremors, hypersalivation, miosis, bad for environment
- Organophosphate antidote
- Anthicholinergics (Atropine)
- Tetrahydropyrimidines names
- Pyrantel pamoate (Nemex, Strongid)
- Tetrahydropyrimidines use
-
D&C: roundworms & hookworms
Domestic: ascarids, strongyl, pinworms
very safe - Imidazothiazoles names
-
Febantel
Levamisole - Imidazothiazoles uses
-
D&C: roundworm, hookworm, whipworm
Domestic: Strongyl, lungworms - Avermectins names
- Ivermectic (Heartguard, Ivomec)
- Avermectin uses
-
Dogs: roundworm, hookworm, HW larvacide (preventative), sarcoptes, ear mites
Domestic: numerous species (bots, lice)
Birds/Snakes: some parasites - Praziquantel use
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anticestodal
taenia, dyplidium, echinococcus - Coccidia drugs
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Amprolium
Sulfadimethoxine (Albon) - Giardia drugs
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Metronidazole
Panacur (Febendazole) - Spirocerca lupi
-
nematode that produces esophageal nodules
beetles intermediate hosts - Trypanosoma cruzi
- kissing bugs intermediate host