Anatomy & Physiology Paramedic Chapter 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Movement of a chemical by the use of energy through a gradient, such as a cell membrane, in concentration or electrical potential. This movement is opposite the normal movement by diffusion.
- Active Transport
- The major source of energy for all chemical reactions of the body.
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- A type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of fat.
- Adipose Tissue
- The anterior surface at the bend of the elbow.
- Antecubital Fossa
- Area of the neck that is bordered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the anterior midline midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the madible.
- Anterior Triangle
- A division of the skeletal system, which includes the extremities ahd their attachments to the body.
- Appendicular Region
- A division of the skeletal system, which includes the head, neck, and trunk.
- Axial Region
- The armpit.
- Axilla
- A compnent of the nerve cell that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell body.
- Axon
- The noncellular layer in an epithelial cell that secures the overlying epithelial tissues.
- Basement Membrane
- Hollow areas within the body that contain organs and organ systems.
- Body Cavities
- Striated involuntary muscle that has the capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses.
- Cardiac Muscle
- Area of the anterior triangle of the neck that contains the carotid artery and internal jugular vein.
- Carotid Triangle
- Plates of shiny conective tissue that are lubricated by synovial fluid, which provides a slippery surface over which the bones may move freely.
- Cartilage
- A strcture that surrounds protoplasm, consisting of the fatty substances that seperate one cell from its neighbors; also called the plasma membrane.
- Cell Membrane
- Made up of protoplasm or cytoplasm, specialized for particular functions, these are the building blocks of life.
- Cells
- Organelles that are essential in cell division.
- Centrioles
- Structures containing DNA within the cell's nucleus. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- Chromosomes
- Hair-like microtubule projections on the surface of a cell that can move materials over the cell surface.
- Cilia
- A fluid-filled body cavity that contains organs and connective tissue.
- Coelom
- Rows of tall, thin epithelial cells.
- Columnar
- The difference in concentrations of a substance on either side of a selectively permeable membrane.
- Concentration Gradient
- The hollow portion of the skull.
- Cranial Cavity
- Shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves the cell through osmosis.
- Crenation
- Rows of square-shaped epithelial cells.
- Cuboidal
- A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport; also called protoplasm.
- Cytoplasm
- A component of the nerve cell that recieves electricl impulses and conducts them toward the cell body.
- Dendrite
- The genetic material found on the chromosomes in the cell's nucleus.
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Sweating.
- Diaphoresis
- Movement of particles or solutes from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
- Diffusion
- The two sets of 23 chromosomes, one set donated by each parent, found in all cells, except sperm and ova cells, which only contain a total of 23 chromosomes.
- Diploid
- Potentially life-threatening heart rhythm disturbances.
- Dysrhythmias
- Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (ie, water). Chemicals dissolved in the blood.
- Electrolytes
- Negatively charged particles that are part of the make-up of an atom.
- Electrons
- The smallest unit of a single chemical substance, such as Hydrogen, Oxygen, or Potassium.
- Element
- The uptake of material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within the cell's protoplasm.
- Endocytosis
- A series of membranes in which proteins and fats are manufactured.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesicles.
- Exocytosis
- Substances located outside of the cell membrane.
- Extracellular
- Fluid outside of the cell, in which most of the body's supply of sodium is contained.
- Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
- Process whereby a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from areas of higher to lower concentration.
- Facilitated Diffusion
- A process of the movement of water out of plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space.
- Filtration
- A tail-like microtubule structure capable of motion to propel the cell.
- Flagellum
- Areas in the infant's skull where the sutures between the skull bones have not yet closed.
- Fontanels
- Bony structures that attach the limbs to the body.
- Girdles
- A set of membranes in the protoplasm involved in the formation of sugars and complex proteins.
- Golgi Complex
- The 23 chromosomes found in a sperm or ova cell.
- Haploid
- An abnormal accumulation of bloody fluid within the pleural cavity following trauma.
- Hemothorax
- The maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiologic environment.
- Homeostasis
- Blood pressure in the vessel walls created by the heart beating pushes the water out of the capillary into the interstitial space.
- Hydrostatic Pressure
- Abnormal elevation of serum potassium levels.
- Hyperkalemia
- An abnormally high sodium level in the blood.
- Hypernatremia
- A diabetic emergency that occurs from a relative insulin deficiency, resulting in marked hyperglycemia but the abscence of ketones and acidosis.
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma (HHNC)
- A solution with an osmotic pressure greater than that of body fluid (is, a cell placed in the solution will shrink).
- Hypertonic
- Low blood glucose concentrations resulting in symptoms such as rapid respirations; pale, moist skin; and dizziness.
- Hypoglycemia
- Abnormally decreased potassium levels in the blood.
- Hypokalemia
- An abnormally low sodium level in the blood.
- Hyponatremia
- A solution with an osmotic pressure less than that of body fluid (is, a cell placed in the solution will swell).
- Hypotonic
- A state of decreased oxygenation.
- Hypoxia
- Skin, the covering of the body surface.
- Integument
- Substances, such as the organelles, that are found inside the cell membrane.
- Intracellular
- Fluid within cells in which most of the body's supply of potassium is contained.
- Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
- Not normally under conscious control, as in muscle.
- Involuntary
- Protein-lined pores or transport channels, specifically sized fore each substance, which allow electrolyte movements among the cells.
- Ion Channel
- A solution that has the same osmotic pressure as the cells and body fluids, (is, a cell placed in the solution will neither shrink nor swell).
- Isotonic
- The point where two or more bones come together, allowing movement to occur.
- Joint
- A sequence of reactions in an organism in which oxidation of acids provides energy for storagein phosphate bonds (as in ATP); also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
- Krebs Cycle
- Tough white bands of tissue that bind joints together, conecting bones to cartilage.
- Ligaments
- The doubly layer of fatty components that create the outside of the cell membrane.
- Lipid Bilayer
- The process of disintegration or breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis.
- Lysis
- Membrane-bound vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes functioning as a cell's digestive system.
- Lysosomes
- The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels.
- Mediastinum
- A specialized form of cell division that results in the production of mature sperm and ova.
- Meiosis
- Hollow filamentous structures that make up carious components of the cell.
- Microtubules
- The division of one cell into two genetically identical and equal daughter cells.
- Mitosis
- Abnormal and persistent muscle spasms.
- Myoclonus
- Collectively, the name for the connective and supporting tissues of the nervous tissue.
- Neuroglia
- Small rod-like organelles that function as the metabolic centerof the cell and produce ATP.
- Mitochondria
- The main functional unit of the nervous system.
- Neuron
- Uncharged particles that are part of the make up of an atom.
- Neutrons
- Smooth muscle tissue.
- Nonstriated
- The membrane that surrounds the nucleous of the cell.
- Nuclear Envelope
- Rounded, dense structures in the protoplasm that contain RNA and synthesize proteins.
- Nucleoli
- The nerve center, or central body, of the cell, embedded within the protoplasm.
- Nucleus
- An opposing pressure to hydrostatic pressure, it pulls water back into the capillary from the intersititial space in an effort to create balance.
- Oncotic Force
- Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function.
- Organ
- The internal structures within the cell.
- Organelles
- Any living thing considered as a whole, made up of various organ systems.
- Organism
- A group of organs that have a common purpose, such as the skeleton and muscles, circulatory, and respiratory systems, among others.
- Organ System
- The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane.
- Osmosis
- The measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane.
- Osmotic Pressure
- Process in which oxygen is used chemically to produce energy from carbohydrates.
- Oxidative Metabolism
- The portion of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavities.
- Parietal Portion
- The region around the heart.
- Pericardial Cavity
- An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac.
- Pericardial Effusion
- the fluid-filled potential space between the layers of the pericardium.
- Pericardial Sac
- A condtion that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restrcts the heart's stroke volume.
- Pericardial Tamponade
- The serrous membranes that surround the heart.
- Pericardium
- The membrane that covers the bones of the skull and all other bones, except at articular surfaces.
- Periosteum
- The nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body by exiting between the vertebrae of the spine.
- Peripheral Nerves
- An inflammation of the peritonitis.
- Peritonitis
- Endocytosis involving solid particles.
- Phagocytosis
- Endocytosis involving liquid.
- Pinocytosis
- Serous membranes surrounding the lungs.
- Pleura
- The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura.
- Pleural Cavity
- An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity.
- Pleural Effusion
- The small amount of lubricating fluid that fills the pleural cavity.
- Pleural Fluid
- An abnormal accumulation of air within the pleural cavity.
- Pneumothorax
- Positively charged particles that are part of the make-up of an atom.
- Protons
- A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport; also called cytoplasm.
- Protoplasm
- A single layer of epithelial cells of varying heights, all of which attach to the basement membrane, but all do not reach the free surface.
- Pseudostratified Epithelium
- The space behind the knee.
- Popliteal Fossa
- Area of the neck containing the lymph nodes, brachial plexus, spinal accessory nerve, and a portion of the subclavian artery.
- Posterior Triangle
- Replacing dead cells with new cells on an ongoing basis.
- Remodeling