Pharmacology - Part 1
Terms
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- Define drug
- Chemical used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease.
- Define pharmacology
- The study of drugs and their interactions with the body.
- Define assay
- Test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory.
- Define bioequivalence
- Relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
- Define bioassay
- Test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model.
- Define dose packaging
- Medication packages contain a single dose for a single patient.
- Define teratogenic drug
- Medication that may deform or kill the fetus.
- Define pharmacokinetics
- How drugs are transported into and out of the body.
- Define pharmacodynamics
- How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects.
- Define active transport
- Transportation that requires the use of energy to move a substance.
- Define carrier mediated diffusion (facilitated diffusion)
- Process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane.
- Define passive transport
- Movement of a substance without the use of energy.
- Define diffusion
- Movement of a solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
- Define osmosis
- Movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentreation to an area of higher solute concentration.
- Define filtration
- Movement of molecules across a membreane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.
- Define ionize
- To become electrically charged or polar.
- Define bioavailability
- Amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue.
- Define blood-brain barrier
- Tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the CNS vasculature through which only non-protein-bound, highly lipud-soluble drugs can pass.
- Define placental barrier
- Biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules.
- Define metabolism
- The body's breaking down chemicals into different chemicals.
- Define biotransformation
- Special name given to the metabolism of drugs.
- Define prodrug (parent drug)
- Medication that is not active when administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites.
- Define first-pass effective
- The liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reached the systemic circulation.
- Define oxyidation
- The loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases + charge (or lessens the - charge) on the molecule.
- Define hydrolysis
- The breakage of a chemical bond by adding water, or by incorporating a hydroxyl (OH-) group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion (H+) into the other.
- Define enteral route
- Delivery of a medication through the gastrointestional tract.
- Define parenteral roure
- Delivery of a medication outside of the gastrointestional tract, typically using needles to inject medication into the circulatory system or tissues.
- Define receptor
- Specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect.
- Define affinity
- Force of attraction between a drug and a receptor.
- Define efficacy
- A drug's ability to cause the expected response.
- Define second messenger
- Chemical that sprticipates in comples cascading reactions that eventually cause a drugs desired effect.
- Define down-regulation
- Binding of a drug or hormone to a target receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease.
- Define up-regulation
- A drug that causes the formation of more receptors that normal.
- Define agonist
- Drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response.
- Define agonist-antagonist (partial agonist)
- Drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others.
- Define competitive antagonism
- One drug that binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor.
- Define noncompetitive antagonism
- The binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding.
- Define irreversible antagonism
- A competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site.
- Define side effect
- Unintended response to a drug
- Define drug-response relationship
- Correlation of different amounts of a drug to clinical response.
- Define plasma-level profile
- Describes the lengths of onset, duration, and termination of action, as well as the drug's minimum effective concentration and toxic levels.
- Define onset of action
- The time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration.
- Define minimum effective concentration
- Minimum level of a drug needed to cause a given effect.
- Define duration of action
- Length of time the amount of drug remains above its minimum effective concentration.
- Define termination of action
- Time from when the drug's level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body.
- Define therapudic index
- Ratio of a drug's lethal dose for 50% of the population and its effective dose for 50% of the population.
- Define biologic half-life
- Time the body takes to clear one half of a drug.
- What information will a drug profile include?
- Names, classification, mechanism of action, indications, pharmacokinetics, side effects/adverse reactions, contraindications, dosage, how supplied, and special considerations
- A _________________ ____ drug is described as a drug with a high abuse potential, may lead to severe dependence and there are no accepted medical indications. Examples would be heroin, and LSD.
- Schedule I
- A _________________ ____ drug has a high abuse potential, and may lead to severe dependence, but has accepted medical uses. Examples are opium, cocaine, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, methadone and secobarbital.
- Schedule II
- Vicodin and Tylenol w/Codeine are what schedule of drugs?
- Schedule III
- Diaxepam, lorazepam and phenobarbital are ecamples of __________________ ____ drugs.
- Schedule IV
- Schedule ____ drugs have a very low abuse potential and are generally used for cough and diarrhea.
- V
- What are the 6 Rights of Medication Administration?
- Right medication, dose, time, route, patient, documentation
- What are the 4 pharmacokinetics?
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Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Elimination - Oral (PO), orogastric/nasogastric (OG?NG), sublingual (SL), buccal, and rectal (PR) are ______________ routes of medication administration.
- enteral
- IV, IO, ET, umbilical, IM, SC, inhalation/nebulized, topical, transdermal, nasal, instillation and intradermal are classified as what type of medication routs?
- Parenteral
- A drug effect that is uique to an individual; different than seen or expected in the population in gerneral is call a(n):
- Idiosyncracy
- Define tachyphylaxis
- A rapidly occuring tolerance to a drug
- Increased effectiveness when a drug is given in several doses is know as:
- Cumulative effect
- Define drug antagonism
- The effects of one drug blocks the response to another drug.
- Define summation
- Also called the additive effect. Two drugs that both have the same effect are give together.
- Define synergism
- Two drugs that both have the same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses; 1+1=3
- Define potentiation
- One drug enhances the effect of another.