Intro Pathophysiology
Terms
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- Disease
- a condition in which the body fails to function normally, i.e., homeostasis cannot be maintained
- pathophysiology
- – the study of abnormal body function
- Idiopathic
- when the cause of a disease is unknown
- Diagnosis
- refers to the identification of a specific disease
- Etiology
- concerns the causitive factors in a particular disease
- biopsy
- excision of very small amounts of living tissue for diagnosis and to establish the cause of a disease
- autopsy
- surgical specimens or examination after death
- iatrogenic
- a treatment, a procedure, or an error that causes a disease such as a catheterization causing a bladder infection or bone marrow damage from a prescribed drug
- predisposing factors
- promote development of disease in an individual and indicates a high risk for a particular disease. These factors may include age, gender, an inherited factor, occupational exposure, or a certain dietary component.
- pathogenesis
- development of disease
- acute disease onset
- sudden
- insidious disease onset
- gradual
- acute disease
- short term
- chronic disease
- persisting disease
- Subclinical state
- no obvious manifestations
- Latent state
- silent
- Prodomal period
- nonspecific signs
- Manifestations of disease
- clinical evidence
- Signs
- objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected individual such as a fever or rash
- symptoms
- subjective feelings by the patient such as pain or nausea
- Lesions
- specific changes in the tissue
- Syndrome
- collection of signs/symptoms
- Disagnostic tests
- laboratory tests
- Remissions
- manifestations subside
- Exacerbations
- “flare-up†of signs/symptoms
- precipitating factor
- triggers an acute response
- complications
- new secondary/additional problems
- sequelae
- aftermath of disease
- Therapy
- treatment
- Convalescence
- recovery period
- Prognosis
- probability/likelihood for recovery
- Morbidity
- disease rates or measure of disability
- Mortality
- relative number of deaths
- epidemiology
- tracking pattern or occurrence
- Epidemic
- occurs when new cases of a certain disease, in a given human population, and during a given period, substantially exceed what is "expected," based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during a specified period of time is called the "incidence rate")
- Pandemic
- Global Epidemic
- incidence of disease
- number of new cases
- Communicable disease
- spread from one person to another
- Notifiable/Reportable diseases
- protect public health
- atrophy
- Decrease in size of cells
- hypertrophy
- increase in size of cells
- hyperplasia
- increase in number of cells
- Metaplasia
- Occurs when one mature cell type replaces a different mature cell type (can by an adaptive mechanism)
- Dysplasia
- Cells vary in shape and size, high rate of mitosis
- anaplasia
- Cells that are undifferentiated and have variable nuclei and cell structure
- Neoplasm
- new growth that is commonly called a tumor
- benign
- tumors that do not spread and are not life threatening; considered less serious unless found in the brain where they can cause pressure related problems
- malignant
- tumors that are considered cancerous and can spread
- ischemia
- deficit of oxygen in the cells
- hypoxia
- deficit of oxygen in the tissue
- necrosis
- when a group of cells die
- causes of Cell Damage and Necrosis
- Can be damaged by changes in: Metabolic processes ATP production pH Damage to cell membrane
- Ways to Damage Cells
- Ischemia-deficit of oxygen in cell Hypoxia-deficit of oxygen in tissue Physical agents, excessive heat/cold, radiation Mechanical damage Pressure/tearing off tissue Chemical toxins, foreign substances Microorganisms Abnormal metabolites accumulate in cells Nutritional deficits Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
- Initial Cell Damage
- Alteration in metabolic reaction = loss of function Reversible if stimulus removed If stimulus remains, cell dies Lyses, releases lysosomal enzymes = inflammation and damage to nearby cells
- Liquefaction necrosis
- Dead cells liquify under influence of certain cell enzymes (Ex: Brain tissue)
- Coagulative necrosis
- Occurs when cell proteins altered or denatured Cells retain some form for a time after death Ex: myocardial infarction