Bio 211
Terms
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- Phylogenetic Tree
- A hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.
- gymnamoebas
- free-living
- dynein
- molecular motor
- Alveoli
- membrane bound sacs
- clade
- descendants from a common ancestor
- phylogeny
- evolutionary history of species or groups of species
- phytoplankton
- 1% of land plant biomass. very small photosynthetic organisms that are free-floating.
- mixotrophic
- combo of photoautotrophic and heterotrophic
- polyphyletic
- descendants from different ancestors
- monophyletic
- descendants from a common ancestor
- entamoebas
- parasites
- phagocytosis
- process by which a cell engulfs another cell or particle, usually for internal digestion (amoeba)
- producer
- organism that produced organic compounds from carbon dioxide by harnessing light energy or oxidizing inorganic chemicals
- secondary endosymbiosis
- a process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell
- apical complex
- organelles specialized for penetration
- plasmodium
- a single mass of cytoplasm containing many diploid nuclei that forms during the life cycle of some slime molds
- conjugation (in ciliates)
- a sexual process in which two cells exchange haploid micronuclei.
- flagella (eukaryotic)
- Have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and 2 inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane
- cilia
- short cellular appendage containing microtubules. Specialized for locomotion.
- microtubule
- a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton
- Mitosomes
- iron/sulfur metabolism
- macronucleus
- 50 copies of chromosomes. everyday function
- micronucleus
- small, 1-80 per cell. function in sexual reproduction (conjugation)
- phytophthora
- example of oomycetes. potato late blight & sudden oak death.
- pseudopodia
- temporary cytoplasmic extensions that function in locomotion and feeding (amoeba)
- protista
- simple organisms. most unicellular. some very complex cells. extremely diverse group. most are aerobic. few anaerobic members (lack true mitochondria). photoauto, hetero, & mixo. Aquatic producers.
- Plasmodial Slime molds
- feeding stage is mutinucleate, diploid plasmodium (no cytokensis). Harsh conditions-fruiting bodies that function in sexual reproduction
- cellular slime molds
- can be unicellular (feedling) or multi. harsh conditions-cells aggregate then form fruiting body (haploid, asexual)
- Rhodophyta (red algae)
- phycoerythrin. absorbs blue and green light. mostly marine & multicellular.
- chlorophyta (green algae)
- plant-like chloroplasts. mostly freshwater, some marine. damp soil, or as part of lichen. unicellular, colonial, and multi.
- phycoerythrin
- red pigment
- stomata
- pores in leaves and stems
- cuticle
- on plant leaves, wax coating, keeps water inside
- gametophyte
- haploid, produces gametes
- sporophyte
- diploid, produces spores
- bryophyte
- nonvascular plants (liverworts, hornworts, mosses) 3 phyla
- Bryophyta
- mosses. 15,000 species
- rhizoids
- filamentous structures on the underside of gametophytes, anchor plant to soil
- archegonium
- egg
- antheridium
- sperm
- gametangia
- where gametophytes produce gametes
- lycophyta
- one of two extant phyla of seedless vascular plants. club mosses, spike mosses. not true mosses. most ancient group.
- pterophyta
- horsetails and ferns
- homosporous
- one type of spore (most seedless vascular). Bisexual gametophyte
- heterosporous
- 2 types of spores (seed plants). megaspore and microspore.
- holdfast
- rootlike structure that anchors a seaweed
- blade
- leaflike structure in seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis
- cellulose
- polyssacharide in plant cell wall
- carotenoids
- accessory pigments
- lignin
- in plant cell wall that provides structural support
- embryo
- 2n
- vascular tissue
- plant tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant
- micropyle
- opening in integuments.
- gynosperm
- first seed plants. "naked seeds" conifers
- alternation of generations
- life cycle with both sporophyte and gametophyte.
- sporangium
- organ where meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop
- sporopollenin
- coats zygotes to prevent drying out.
- megaspores
- develops into female gametophyte
- microspores
- develops into male gametophyte
- ovule
- develops within ovary of a seed. produces seeds
- integument
- outer layer of ovule in seed plants
- pollen tube
- formed after germination that delivers sperm to the ovule
- seed
- embryo packaged with food within a protective coat.
- conifers
- largest gynosperm. cone-bearing trees
- ferns
- seedless vascular plant.
- bisexual gametophyte
- egg and sperm
- fruiting body
- reproductive structure
- angiosperm
- flowering plants. one phylum
- stamen
- male (anther & filament)
- filament
- stock
- anther
- tip
- carpel
- female (stigma, style, and ovary)
- stigma
- sticky top
- style
- stalk
- ovary
- contains ovules
- dioecious
- separate male and female plants
- monoecious
- separate male and female flowers
- perfect flower
- both male and female
- fruit
- develops from ovary
- cotyledon
- absorptive organ
- endosperm
- 3n
- embryo sac
- 8 halpoid nuclei
- pollen grain
- consists of male gametophyte (pollen)
- double fertilization
- in angiosperms. form zygote and endosperm
- hyphae
- thin filaments
- mycelium
- interwoven mass of hyphae through substrate
- chitin
- fungal cell walls. strong. flexible.
- septate
- cell wall between cells
- coenocytic
- lacks septate. cytoplasmic mass.
- mycorrhizae
- fungi and plant root
- absorptive nutrition
- secrets enzymes, makes simple molecules to absorb.
- haustoria
- hypha that can penetrate the tissues of hosts
- plasmogamy
- cytoplasm fuse, nuclei remain separate.
- karyogamy
- nuclei fuse together. diploid stage
- heterokaryon
- contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell
- dikaryotic mycelium
- two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent
- chytrids
- phylum chytridiomycota. mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores.
- zygosporangium
- last through harsh conditions (in sexual stage)
- ascus
- saclike spore capsule
- ascocarp
- fruiting body
- conidia
- haploid spore
- basidiocarps
- fruiting body
- lichen
- fungus and alga