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Bio 211

Terms

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Phylogenetic Tree
A hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.
gymnamoebas
free-living
dynein
molecular motor
Alveoli
membrane bound sacs
clade
descendants from a common ancestor
phylogeny
evolutionary history of species or groups of species
phytoplankton
1% of land plant biomass. very small photosynthetic organisms that are free-floating.
mixotrophic
combo of photoautotrophic and heterotrophic
polyphyletic
descendants from different ancestors
monophyletic
descendants from a common ancestor
entamoebas
parasites
phagocytosis
process by which a cell engulfs another cell or particle, usually for internal digestion (amoeba)
producer
organism that produced organic compounds from carbon dioxide by harnessing light energy or oxidizing inorganic chemicals
secondary endosymbiosis
a process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell
apical complex
organelles specialized for penetration
plasmodium
a single mass of cytoplasm containing many diploid nuclei that forms during the life cycle of some slime molds
conjugation (in ciliates)
a sexual process in which two cells exchange haploid micronuclei.
flagella (eukaryotic)
Have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and 2 inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane
cilia
short cellular appendage containing microtubules. Specialized for locomotion.
microtubule
a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton
Mitosomes
iron/sulfur metabolism
macronucleus
50 copies of chromosomes. everyday function
micronucleus
small, 1-80 per cell. function in sexual reproduction (conjugation)
phytophthora
example of oomycetes. potato late blight & sudden oak death.
pseudopodia
temporary cytoplasmic extensions that function in locomotion and feeding (amoeba)
protista
simple organisms. most unicellular. some very complex cells. extremely diverse group. most are aerobic. few anaerobic members (lack true mitochondria). photoauto, hetero, & mixo. Aquatic producers.
Plasmodial Slime molds
feeding stage is mutinucleate, diploid plasmodium (no cytokensis). Harsh conditions-fruiting bodies that function in sexual reproduction
cellular slime molds
can be unicellular (feedling) or multi. harsh conditions-cells aggregate then form fruiting body (haploid, asexual)
Rhodophyta (red algae)
phycoerythrin. absorbs blue and green light. mostly marine & multicellular.
chlorophyta (green algae)
plant-like chloroplasts. mostly freshwater, some marine. damp soil, or as part of lichen. unicellular, colonial, and multi.
phycoerythrin
red pigment
stomata
pores in leaves and stems
cuticle
on plant leaves, wax coating, keeps water inside
gametophyte
haploid, produces gametes
sporophyte
diploid, produces spores
bryophyte
nonvascular plants (liverworts, hornworts, mosses) 3 phyla
Bryophyta
mosses. 15,000 species
rhizoids
filamentous structures on the underside of gametophytes, anchor plant to soil
archegonium
egg
antheridium
sperm
gametangia
where gametophytes produce gametes
lycophyta
one of two extant phyla of seedless vascular plants. club mosses, spike mosses. not true mosses. most ancient group.
pterophyta
horsetails and ferns
homosporous
one type of spore (most seedless vascular). Bisexual gametophyte
heterosporous
2 types of spores (seed plants). megaspore and microspore.
holdfast
rootlike structure that anchors a seaweed
blade
leaflike structure in seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis
cellulose
polyssacharide in plant cell wall
carotenoids
accessory pigments
lignin
in plant cell wall that provides structural support
embryo
2n
vascular tissue
plant tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant
micropyle
opening in integuments.
gynosperm
first seed plants. "naked seeds" conifers
alternation of generations
life cycle with both sporophyte and gametophyte.
sporangium
organ where meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop
sporopollenin
coats zygotes to prevent drying out.
megaspores
develops into female gametophyte
microspores
develops into male gametophyte
ovule
develops within ovary of a seed. produces seeds
integument
outer layer of ovule in seed plants
pollen tube
formed after germination that delivers sperm to the ovule
seed
embryo packaged with food within a protective coat.
conifers
largest gynosperm. cone-bearing trees
ferns
seedless vascular plant.
bisexual gametophyte
egg and sperm
fruiting body
reproductive structure
angiosperm
flowering plants. one phylum
stamen
male (anther & filament)
filament
stock
anther
tip
carpel
female (stigma, style, and ovary)
stigma
sticky top
style
stalk
ovary
contains ovules
dioecious
separate male and female plants
monoecious
separate male and female flowers
perfect flower
both male and female
fruit
develops from ovary
cotyledon
absorptive organ
endosperm
3n
embryo sac
8 halpoid nuclei
pollen grain
consists of male gametophyte (pollen)
double fertilization
in angiosperms. form zygote and endosperm
hyphae
thin filaments
mycelium
interwoven mass of hyphae through substrate
chitin
fungal cell walls. strong. flexible.
septate
cell wall between cells
coenocytic
lacks septate. cytoplasmic mass.
mycorrhizae
fungi and plant root
absorptive nutrition
secrets enzymes, makes simple molecules to absorb.
haustoria
hypha that can penetrate the tissues of hosts
plasmogamy
cytoplasm fuse, nuclei remain separate.
karyogamy
nuclei fuse together. diploid stage
heterokaryon
contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell
dikaryotic mycelium
two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent
chytrids
phylum chytridiomycota. mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores.
zygosporangium
last through harsh conditions (in sexual stage)
ascus
saclike spore capsule
ascocarp
fruiting body
conidia
haploid spore
basidiocarps
fruiting body
lichen
fungus and alga

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