Human Development- Ch3
Terms
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- Fertilization
- union of sperm and ovum fuse to produce a zygote, also called conception
- zygote
- one-celled organism resulting from fertilization
- The zygote ________ itself again and again to become a baby
- duplicates
- Dizygotic Twins
- (two egg) twins conceived by the union of 2 different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with 2 sperm cells (also called fraternal twins)
- Monozygotic Twins
- (one egg) twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization, also called identical twins
- Identical twins look alike but are not alike in _________.
- Temperament
- Temperament
- chracteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations
- DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid- chemical that carries inherited instructions for the formation and function of body cells.
- Genetic Code
- Sequence of base pairs within DNA which determine genetic characteristics
- What are the bases within DNA and how are they paired?
- Adenine(A), Thymine(T), Cytosine(C), Guanine(G), A pairs with T, and C pairs with G
- Chromosomes
- Coils of DNA that carry genes within the nucleus
- Genes
- small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes
- Human Genome
- complete sequence or mapping of genes in the human body and their location
- What parent determine's sex?
- the father's sperm
- Autosomes
- the 22 pairs of choromosomes in humans that are not related to sexual expression (gender)
- Sex Chromosomes
- the pair of chromosomes in humans that determines sex
-
Which sex does the following chromosome pair identify:
XX - female
-
Which sex does the following chromosome pair identify:
XY - Male
- Alleles
- Paired genes (alike or different) that affect a trait
- Homozygous
- possessing 2 identical alleles for a trait
- heterozygous
- possessing different alleles for a trait
- dominant inheritance
- pattern of inheritance in which, when a child recieves contradictory alleles, resulting in expression of a dominant trait
- Recessive Inheritance
- Pattern of inheritance in which a childe recieves identical recessive alleles resulting in the expression of a non-dominant (recessive) trait.
- Polygenic inheritance
- pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes affect a complex trait
- Multifactorial Transmission
- combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits
- phenotype
- observable characteristics of a person
- genotype
- genetic makeup of person containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics
- mutations
- permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may or may not produce harmful characteristics
- incomplete dominance
- partial expression of a trait
- sex linked inheritance
- pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the x chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring
- genome imprinting
- some genes seem to be temorarily imprinted, or chemically altered either in the mother or the father. The genes when transmitted to offspring have different effects that do counterpart genes from the other parent
- Down Syndrome
- chromosomal abnormality disorder chracterized by moderate to severe mental retardation and by such physical sighns as downard sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes
- Genetic Counseling
- clinical service that advises couples of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects
- behavioral genetics
- quantitative study of relative heredity and environmental influences
- heritablility
- statistical estimate of conrtribution of herediy to individual diferences in a specific trait with a given population
- schizophrenia
- mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions
- autism
- pervasive developmental disorder of the brain, characterized by lack of normal social interaction, impaired communication and imagination, and a highly restricted range of abilities and interests
- What are the three stages of prenatal development?
- Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal
- Germinal Stage
- First 2-3 weeks of prenatal development characterized by rapid cell division, increasing complexity and differentiation, and implanation in the wall of the uterus
- Embryonic Stage
- second stage of gestation (2-8 wks). Characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs
- spontaneous abortion
- natural expulsion fromt he uterus of a conceptus that cannot survive outside the womb (miscarriage)
- fetal stage
- final stage of gestation (from 8wks to birth) characterized by increased detail of body parts and greatly enlarged body size
- ultra sound
- prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally.
- Teratogenic
- capable of causing birth defects
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- combination of mental, motoer and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy
- Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
- AIDS- viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system
- When do the 9 most critical months of a person's life span occur and why are thy considered to be the most critical?
- the prenatal period because it is when the most change and growth occurs to a human, also exposing a human to the most risk
- Prenatal development is categorized not by age, but by __________.
- events
- At conception what is so remarkable that is created?
- an individual genetic constitution
- Are Genetics a form of nurture or nature?
- nature
- Who planted pea plants and theorized the idea of genes?
- Gregor Mendel
- Who discovered the double helix of DNA, confirming Mendels gene theory? (2 ppl)
- Watson and Crick
- Humans have _________ pairs of chromosomes
- 23
- Karyotype
- a photograph that shows the chromosomes when they are separated and aligned for cell division
- Cytogenics
- the structure of the chromosome
- What constitutes a premature birth?
- a child birn earlier than 37 weeks
- Protective factors enhance _________ when there are more _______ factores than average
-
resiliance
risk - licit drugs
- prescription/physician recomended drugs
- illicit drugs
- street drugs, illegal
- What is the best drug to take during pregnancy?
- None at all