dna synthesis 1

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what is a teratogen?: agent that interfers with development of fetus may result in loss of pregnancy
how are birth defects inheritable?: alcohol and smoking
what is an example of a chemical exposure mutagen?: nitrites and benzene
what is a mutagen?: any factor that causes a mutation
what is an example of a Ioniing Radiation Mutagen: u-v, x-ray
what is a chromosome>: threadlike structure in cell nucleus composed of genes
what is locus?: a specific location of a gene on a chromosome
what is a chromosomal mutation?: deleation of a letter
what is a muaion?: a inheritaable and pernament change in genetic material, not due to normal recombination of genetic material
what is the recall order: dna-) mrna-) trna-)new protein
an example of how codes work.: DNA = ATG Mrna= UAC trna= AUG DNA complementry= TAC
what occurs in gene action?: 1)dna determines rna 2)mrna determines proetin enzyme 3)it than controls chemical reactions 4)which produce characteristics of organism
what are the four bases in rna: adenine uracil guanine cytosine
what are the four bases in dna: adenine thymine guanine cytosine
what is chain termination:: 1) stop codon 2) polypeptide trna and mrna molecule are released and leave ribosome
process of transcription has three parts:: initiation,elongagtion and termination
what is initation?: when the mrna with start codon attaches itself to the r site of a ribosome
elongation is:: when more amino acids are added and connected together to form a polypeptide as specified by mrna sequence
what ocurs in elongation:: trna approches second binding site -anticodon pairs with codons -trna leaves its a.a is passed to resident trna amino complex -ribosome makes room by moing forward
what happens in the third step of transcription?: mrna carries info for protein synthesis but the nucleic acid messsage must be translated into amino acid sequence
what is the 4th step in dna transcription?: the coding unit or codon in the nucleic acid is three nucleotids long
what do mrna bases pair with in translation?: anticodon trna molecules
what does the oder of codons determine: order of trna molecules
what is chain initiation: steps necessary to begin process of translation
what is chain elongation: steps that bring aboutpolypeptide synthesis
what happens during chain intiation?: (1) small ribosomal subunit binds mrna trna acts as a iniator that binds uac with aug (2) large ribosomal subunit competes ribosome. Initator trna occopies the first binding site. While the second binding site is ready for next trna
what happens during chain elongation: (1) trna approahes second binding site (2) anticodon paired wit codon (3) trna leaves its amino acid is passed to resident trna amino complex (4) ribosome makes room by moving forwrd
what is translocation: in which ribosomes assemble a polpeptide using mrna to specify the a.a
what is chain termination: the ribosomes comes to a stop and release last trna mrna and polypeptide
how does polpeptide function?: alone or becomes a part of a protein
what does the nucleus dna contain?: triplet code
what is the special significance of dna ?: genetic information
what is the significance of mrna?: codnons
when does dna replication occur?: prior to cell replication
what are the steps of dna replication?: 1) unzips 2) complementary base pairing 3) adjecent nucleotides 4) 2 new sets of dna are formed
what sorts of strands do dna contain ?: one old stand(template) one new strand
why is dna replication semi consevative ?: each original molecule is conserved in each new molecule ensures most accurate replication of parent molecule
what is an anticodon?: 3 nucleotides sequnce at the tip of trna molecule that is complementary to and base pairs with a.a.
what is antisense?: a piece of dna that produces the mirror image or antisense mrna
what is a codon?: 3 adjecent nucleotides in dna or mrna that code for one a.a or polypeptide
what is Dna Polymerase?: an enzyme catalyzes synthesis of dna, proofreads for erros, post replication and eliminates mistakes.
what is a dna helix?: protien that unwinds and unzips dna helix during replication
what is a polymerase chain reaction?: technique for amplyifing dna makeing it easier t isolate, clone and sequence
what is rna polymerase?: enzyme that activates the synthesis of rna molecules from dna template in transcription
what is a gene?: DNA nucleotide on a chromosome that encodes a protein, trna or rrna molecule and it also regulates the transcription.
what is messanger mrna?: takes messages from dna to ribosomes
what is a nonsense codon?: a chain terminating codon
what is a ribosome: carris out protein synthesis
what is rrna?: along with protiens makes up ribosomes where proteins are synthesised
what is transfer trna?: in cytoplasm it picks up a.a,brings them to ribosome moving along mrna
what is translaion?: assembly of protein on ribosome using mrna directing the order of amino acids
what does dna control: cellular function
what two stages is the informaion encoded in genes?: transciption and translation
what is transcription?: rna polymerase assmbles mrna molecule whose nucleotide is complementry to dna strand.
where is dna found: nucleus
where is rna found: cytoplasm of the cell in ribosomes
what are the two stages are the genes expressed in: transcription and translation
what occurs intranscription: rna polymerase enzyme assembles mrna molecule whose nucleotide is complementry to genes template dna
what is the first step in transcription?: nucleotides unzip, one acts as a template for synthesis of single stranded dna
what is step 2 in transcription: mrna leaves the nucleus and the ctoplasm to the ribosomes
what is the third step in transcription?: mrna carries info for protein synthesis but nucliec acid message is turned to a.a sequence
how long is the codon: three nucleotides long
what are the process called that transcription is borken into: initiation,elongation,terminaion
what happens in initiation?: ribosomal subunit binds to mrna initiator than trna comes pairs with start codon. large ribosomal subunit completes ribosome. Trna copies binding site and makes the second binding site available.
what occurs in elongation?: trna comes to second site,trna leaves 1st binding site its amino acid is passed to trna amino acid complex.than the ribosome moves forward making room for other trnas.
what happens in transription?: the ribosome comes to a stop and the ribosome seperates into its two subunits and the polypeptide is released.
What occurs to trna?: in the cyoplasm they pick up their specfic amino acid and bring them to a ribosome as it moves along the mrna.
what orders the amino acids?: trna ataching itself to mrna which is than linked by polypeptides.
what is promoter region?: it is the region of a parent dna strnd that binds to rna polmerase and intiates transcription.
what are the two types of inheitence of cells: somatic and gamete
what is chromosomal mutation?: due to segment of chromosome being added or missing
what is deleation or addition?: a mutation in which a segment of chromosome is missing or is added
what is duplication?: a mutation where a portion of a chromosome breaks off and is fuse onto a homologous chromosome
what is insertion?: a mutation where a segment is removed from one chromosome and inserted into another
what is inversion?: mutation where segment is removed and reinseted in the same location but in opposite direction
what is nondisjunction?: failure of a pair of chromosomes to seperate properly during anaphase
what is a point muatition?: caused by a single change in molecular structure at a given locus/gene
what is frameshift muation?: eaither a subtraction or addition of a nucleotide
what is a non-sense mutation?: codes for a stop which can alter the protein
what is a silent mutation?: codes for the same a.a, no noticable efffect
what is a missense mutation?: codes for a different a.a
what gland produces the hormone thyroxin? what is the function during metabolism?: thyroid gland, increses oxygen uptake protein synthesis
What is the lock in key theory?: When a Enzyme and Substratefit ecah other perfectly before they bind
what is the induced fit model?: once the substrate binds the enzyme the enzyme changes shape to more tightly bind the substrate.
why does each enzyme have its own ph it operates at?: changes in ph causes a protein to denature since the bond holding it in place gets disrupted . Changes in the E shape at active site will impair or destroy its substrates binding ability
what happens if you lower the temperature on enzyme activity?: lowers the rate of activity
what happens if you raise the temperature?: raises the rate of reaction but if you rase it a large amount it becomes denatured.
the three factors that can lead to denaturing are:: 1)ph 2)high temp 3)heavy metals 4)specific metals
what happens to the rate of production if you add enzyme catalyzed reaction to a substrate?: increase until enzymes are saturated
what happens to the rate of production if you add enzyme catalyzed reaction to a enzyme?: increase as long as substrate is present
what happens to the rate of production if you add enzyme catalyzed reaction to an inhibitor?: decrease
what happens to the rate of production if you add enzyme catalyzed reaction to lead or mercury: decrease and denaturing may occur
what happens to the rate of production if you add enzyme catalyzed reaction to a H+ ions: decrease and denaturing may occur
what happens to the rate of production if you add enzyme catalyzed reaction to a 0H+ ions?: decrease and denaturing may occur
What is a competitive inhibitor?: inhibitor binds to enzyme blocking active site from substrate Thus no product can be formed
what is non competitive inhibitor?: when inhibitor binds it causes active site to change shape so substrate doesn't bind.
what are vitimins structual pats of?: coenzymeas or coenzymes themselves and are important for enzyme function.
what is dna?: nucleic acid found in cells; the genetic information that specifies protein synthesis in a cell
what are purines?: type of nitrogen containing base such as adenine and guanine having a double ring structure
what are prymidenes ?: type of nitrogen containing base cytosine thymine uracil having one ring structure
what is complementry base pairing?: hydrogen bonding between particular bases
what is replication?: making a exact copy, dna is duplicated
what is ribonucleic acid?: nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotidemonomers that contain ribose
what is Gene expression?: its affected by how much mrna is processed and the speed mrna leaves the nucleus
what is posttronscriptinal control:: happens in nucleus after Dna is transcribed and mrna is formed the faster the more product
what is transcriptional:: gene is transcribed or no gene product transcription results in higher amount of gene product
what are the controls of gene products?: transcriptional posttranscriptional translational posttranslotianal
what does regular gene code for?: repressor
what happens when reprresor and operator bind?: rna polymerase doesnt bind with promoter thus transcription doesnt occur
what happens if lactose is present?: lactose binds to repressor changing its shape and no longer can bind to operator.
where is the regulator gene found?: outside operon
whatr does a regulator gene code for?: a repressor that can bind to opperator and switches off operon

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