Ch.16 cont.
Terms
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- Erythropoetin
-
released from certain cells in the kidney in response to low 02 levels in the blood.
travels in the bloodstream to bone marrow, where it triggers differentiation pf pluripotent cells to erythrocytes. - differentiation
- During ____________, erythrocytes produce hemoglobin & lose their nuclei and organelles.
- reticulocyte
- The last cell stage prior to becoming a mature erythrocyte is the ___________, a RBC w/some ribosomes still present in the cytoplasm, giving the cell a web like or reticular appearance.
-
iron
folic acid
vit. B12 - What are the requirments of erythrocyte production?
- Iron
-
required for syntheis of hemoglobin
stored in liver
released from old erythrocytes
required in diet - Folic acid & B12
-
necessary for synthesis of DNA
help w/ rapid production of erythrocytes. -
erythropoesis
hemoglobin
anemia - A shortage of dietary elements for ____________ can produce either a reduction in amount of __________ per cell or a reduction in the # of erythrocytes in the blood, a condition called ________.
- iron deficiency anemia
-
due to the lack of iron in the diet
erythrocytes are smaller than normal due to decreased amount of hemoglobin per erythrocyte. - Pernicious anemia
-
due to the lack of vit. B12
larger erythrocytes due to the lack of # of erythrocytes. - hemorrhage
- Anemia can also result from ___________ or an abnormally high rate of erythrocyte destruction (hemolysis).
- Symptoms of anemia
-
chronic fatigue
shortness of breath upon exertion - spleen
-
store blood cells
removes old erythrocytes
have microphages that destroy erythrocytes
hemoglobin is catabolized here - Bilirubin
-
a yellow compound
after iron is removed, the resulting heme is converted to __________.
travels to liver where it is catabolized further
secreted in bile of S.I. and excreted in feces.
gives feces a brown tinge
some travel to kidneys and are excreted in urine
impart in yellowish color of urine
jaundice - hemoglobin
- Iron that is released by __________ catabolism is recycled to form new __________.
- Transferrin
-
transports iron
picks up iron in G.I. tract or spleen & transports in to red bone marrow for erythrocyte synthesis
can be taken to liver to be stored bound to the protein ferritin. - ferritin
- a protein that bounds to iron in the liver, spleen, and cells lining of S.I.
- Leukocytes
-
nucleated
possess all normal cellular machinery
Only fully functional in blood
Mobile- can squeese through pores in caps and migrate through tissue.
Defend body against invading microorganisms & foreign materials
Role in immunity - Granulocytes
-
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Have prominent protein - containing vesicles in their cytoplasm (cytoplasmic granules) - Agranulocytes
-
monocytes
lymphocytes
do NOT have prominent granules - wright's strain
- Each leukocyte type is traditionally identified by its reaction w/ _________ _______, which reveals its distinctive nuclear shape & cytoplasmic color.
- Neutrophils
-
50-80% of leukocytes
Phagocytic - attack paracites invading the body that are too big to engulf.
Mount (attach) to parasites bodies & discharge toxic molecules from cytoplasmic granules
Weak
Damage normal tissue
Trigger allergic reaction - Basophils
-
Nonphagocytic cells
Release histamine, herapin, that lead to allergic reaction such as hay fever
less than 1% of leukocytes - Monocytes
-
phagocytosis
macrophages "big eater"
wandering macrophages
fixed macrophages - Lymphocytes
-
found in interstitial fluid
Lack cell membrane components
B cells
T cells
null cells - natural killer (NK) - Megakarocytes
- platelets are colorless cell fragments that arise when portions of long bone marrow cells break off.
- Megokarocytes
-
smaller than erythrocytes
no nucleus
mitochondria
smooth E.R.
cytoplasmic granules
trigger events leading to blood clotting. - hemostasis
-
vascular spasms
platelet plug
formation of blood clot - vascular spasm
-
Damaged blood vessel leads to intrinsic mechanisms that trigger vasocontriction
Blood loss is minimized - Platelet plug
-
platelets (thromocytes) - non nucleated fragments of megakarocytes
"Sticky"
von Willebrand factor (vWF)
platelet adhesion - when blood vessel damage exposes tissue underlying the endothelium
platelet aggregation - ADP changes in platelets to adhere to one another
ADP stimulates the production of Thromboxane A2
Arachidonic acid - gives rise to TXA2
High concentrations of protein (actin & myosin) - Formation of a blood clot
-
need fibrin
fibrin clots
coagulation cascade - a series of reaction resulting in formation of a fibrin clot
fibrogen
Fibrin molecules stick to each other forming a network of strands
Fibrin stabilizing factor (XIII) links the networks of fibrin. - coagulation factors
- Most ___________ _______ are synthesized in the liver, which releases them into the plasma in their inactive form.
- fibrogen
- In clot formation, a filamentous plasma protein converts into its active form fibrin.
- Thrombin
-
catalyzes fibrogen to fibrin
activates XIII
positive feedback for its own activation
additional platelet aggregation
stimulates platelets to secrete several products -
Intrinsic pathway
X
thrombin - __________ __________, in clot formation, starts w/ hagemans factor (XII) which is activated by contact of substances in subendothelium (collagen & phospholipids). XII activation leads to factor __ activation, and then leads to activation of _________, and fibrin formation.
-
Extrinsic pathway
VII & tissue factor - __________ __________, in blood clotting, starts w/ the tissue factor (III) when in contact w/plasma & reacts w/ factors (VII). Active ____ & _______ _______ activates factor X, leads to activatio of thrombin.
- factor X
- Intrinsic and Extrinsic pathways merge at activation of _______ __ to form a common pathway.
-
CA2+
PF3 - At several steps, ____ & ____ are needed.
- PF3
-
on surface of activated platelets
Phosopholipid necessary for activation of thrombin by intrinsic pathway. - anticoagulants
- inhibit blood clotting or coagulations
- Factors limiting clot formation
-
anticoagulants
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
thrombomodulin
protein C
plasmin - plasmin
- dissolves blood clots by breaking down fibrin
- Serum
- _______ is plasma from which these coagulation factors have been removed.
- excessive bleeding
- Without coagulation factors, the fibrin clot is not made, and there will be __________ ________ (hemophilia).
- Vitamin K
- Excessive bleeding will occur when deficiency of _________ _ in diet.