TEA AH study guide

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What is the chronological order of the first phase of meiosis?: Interphase (1)
Prophase (1)
Metaphase (1)
Anaphase (1)
Telophase (1)
Cytokinesis (1)
Each cell goes through a second cell division in _________.: Meiosis
The chronological order of the second phase of meiosis: Prophase (ll)
Metaphase (ll)
Anaphase (ll)
Telophase (ll)
Cytokinesis (ll)
The result of _________ is 4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes.: Meiosis
Daughter cells are _______, meaning they contain 1/2 the genetic material of the parent cell: Haploid
Which phase of meiosis is most similar to mitosis?: The second phase
Meiosis encourages _______.: Genetic diversity
The recurring trends that are seen in the elemental properties. The most important feature of the Periodic a Table of Elements: Periodicity
Groups or families in the Periodic Table are arranged in which direction?: Vertical
The outer energy levels have the same configuration of electrons in a) groups b) periods: A) groups
True or false: Group 18 ( the noble gases) all have a full configuration of electrons in the outer shell.: True
Which direction are periods in The Periodic Table of Elements?: Horizontal
Classification relies most heavily on _________ in the Periodic Table of Elements. a) groups b) periods: a) groups
What information is typically displayed about elements on The Periodic Table of Elements?: Symbol, atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus, also sometimes the atomic mass and electronegativity
Where is the atomic number located in the Periodic Tabke?: The top, above the element symbol
Where is the atomic mass located in The Periodic Table of elements?: Bottom, below the element symbol
Atomic Number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Also the same as the number of electrons in the atom in an uncharged atom

Represented by z
Atomic mass: Mass of an atom of that element

Number of nucleons or total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Represented by A
Molecules containing only C and H: Hydrocarbons
__________ form the basis of organic chemistry.: Hydrocarbons
___________ bond together with strong _______ bonds in chains or rings to form the backbone of organic molecules, which may have any number of a large variety of functional groups attached.: Hydrocarbons, covalent
When hydrocarbons only have C-C single bonds they are called _______. Other electrons will then form bonds with surrounding hydrogen atoms.: Saturated
When the C atoms in hydrocarbons have multiple bonds they are called ____________. Fewer electrons are available to form bonds with H atoms.: Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons are a) very unstable b) very stable due to the _________ of carbon.: B) very stable

Tetravalency
Tetravalency of Carbon: It has 4 valence electrons making its octet easy to satisfy. Results in very strong bonds.
The conversion of sunlight to energy in plant cells and some bacteria and protists.: Photosynthesis
The process where carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose: Photosynthesis
Descendents of first organisms to use photosynthesis ~3.5 billion years ago: Cyanobacteria
A pigment that absorbs light in plants: Chlorophyll
During the process of photosynthesis _____ is used and _______ is released.: Water, oxygen
Photosynthesis takes place in ________ and uses ________ which is a green pigment that absorbs light.: Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll
A membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and Cyanobacteria. The site of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.: Thylakoids
Occurs when the normal gene sequence is altered: DNA mutation
Why does DNA mutation occur?: Damage (chemicals, radiation, uv sun rays)

Or errors during DNA replication
When broken bonds attempt to bond with other DNA. Can cause a mutation.: Translocation
An energy of an object in motion: Kinetic
True or false: If an object appears motionless its atoms are not moving: False
Atoms colliding and moving: Kinetic energy
1/2 mass x velocity squared 1/2 mv^2: Kinetic energy
Capacity for doing work that is based on position or configuration.: Potential energy
mgh Mass x gravity x height: Potential energy
Consists of nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles: Respiration Transport Highway
The gas exchange mechanism at the end of the respiration system.: Alveoli
Air is inhaled into ______. ________ diffuses from _______ into ______ _________ . _______ blood cells fuse with _________. _________ rich blood reaches body tissues. Hemoglobin releases _______ out of _________ through __________ fluid and into cells.: Lungs, oxygen, alveoli, pulmonary capillaries, red, hemoglobin, oxygen, oxygen, capillaries, interstitial
__________ diffuses from _______ through ___________ fluid into the bloodstream.: Carbon dioxide, cells, interstitial
Fluid pressure generated by cardiac cycle: Blood pressure
Arteries branch into: Small arterioles
Diffusion sites for exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid: Capillary beds
The thinnest wall of all blood vessels.: Capillaries
Type of blood vessel with only a single layer of endothelial cells: Capillaries
Carry oxygenated blood away from heart and to body tissue: Arteries ( except pulmonary arteries)
Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart: Veins (except pulmonary arteries
)
Type of blood vessel 1. Thin walls, smooth muscle 2. Valves inside to prevent back flow 3. Also blood volume reserves: Veins
Sugar in RNA Sugar in DNA: Ribose

Deoxyribose
RNA nitrogenous bonds:: Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)
Uracil is only found in ______. Thymine is only in ________.: RNA
DNA
RNA is a _______ strand. DNA is a _______strand.: Single

Double
Helper to DNA: RNA
What are the types of RNA?: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
What can use RNA to carry genetic material to the DNA: Viruses
True or False rRNA has changed considerably over time.: False
Carries a copy of a strand of DNA and transports it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.: mRNA
DNA unwinds and serves as a template while RNA is being assembled. DNA molecules copied to RNA: Transcription
Ribosomes used transcribed RNA to put together the needed protein: Translation
Helps with the translation process and it is found in the cytoplasm.: tRNA
rRNA is found in _________.: Ribosomes
3 most important subatomic particles: 1. Proton
2. Electron
3. Neutron
Electrons are a) smaller than b) bigger than c) same size as protons: a) smaller than
Has a mass slightly greater than a proton.: Neutron
Electrons are attracted to the nucleus by __________.: Electrostatic or Coulomb Force
Protons and neutrons in the nucleus are held together by: Strong nuclear force
__________ is much stronger than electrostatic force since protons do not repel each other.: Strong nuclear force
____________ is directly proportional to the charge of the nucleus. And is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the nucleus.: Electrostatic force or Coulomb Force
Changing from a gas to a liquid: Condensation
What is the opposite of evaporation/ vaporization?: Condensation
As the temperatures decrease in a gas the molecules ______________.: Move more slowly
in condensation, ____________ enables cohesive forces to pull molecules closer.: Decreased motion
Condensation can also be caused by ________________ exerted on a gas, which results in ___________ in the substance's volume (reduces distance between particles).: Increased pressure

A decrease
Continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth The water moves from one reservoir to another or from ocean to atmosphere Goes through different phases: liquid, solid, gas: Hydrologic cycle or water cycle or H20 cycle
Increase reaction rate without changing form Can increase reaction rate by decreasing the number of steps: Catalysts
Minimum amount of energy required to get a reaction started Causes particles to collide with sufficient energy to start a reaction: Activation energy
Enables more particles to react Lowers the activation energy: Catalyst
A graph showing energies or speeds of particles or gas molecules in a system: Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
Allows for movement of substances through membranes Does not require energy from the cell Simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis: Passive transport mechanisms
When particles are transported from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration Stops at equilibrium: Diffusion
When specific molecules are transported by specific carrier proteins: Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration: Osmosis
Returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream Returns protein from capillaries Transports fats from digestive tract Disposal of debris and cellular waste: Lymphatic system
The lymph vascular system is made up of: Lymph capillaries
Lymph vessels
Lymph ducts
Lymphoid organs are:: Lymph nodes
Spleen
Appendix
Adenoids
Thymus
Tonsils
Small patches of tissue in the small intestine
__________ located at intervals throughout the lymphatic system. Contain _________ and _________ cells.: Lymph nodes

Lymphocytes, plasma
Filters blood stores of red blood cells and macrophages. The blood filter: Spleen
Secretes hormones and is the major site of lymphocyte production: Thymus
The process by which a cell reproduces, cell growth, duplication of genetic material and cell division: Cell cycle
How long is the cell cycle: Varies depending on cell type
What are the two ways cells reproduce?: Meiosis and Mitosis
The daughter cell is the exact replica of the parent cell in: Mitosis
Daughter cells have different genetic coding than the parent cells in ________. Only happens in specialized reproductive cells (gametes): meiosis
Results of mutations: Gene disorders

Genetic variability, which can lead to increased survivability
Are mutations neutral, harmful or beneficial?: Can be any
Can mutations be hereditary?: Yes
Differences in humans (eye and hair color) that may have originally been the result of gene mutations, but now are part of the normal variation of the species: Polymorphism
Mutation that happens only in sex cells or shortly after fertilization. Mutation that neither parent possessed or transmitted.: De Novo
When the mutation happens in a cell during an early embryonic stage. Some cells have the mutation and some do not.: Mosaicism
When an atom may gain, surrender or share its electrons: Chemical bonding
3 types of chemical bonding:: 1. Ionic
2. Covalent
3. Hydrogen bonding
When an atom gains or loses electrons Positively or negatively charged: Ionic bonding
When atoms share electrons it is called ____________. When electrons are shared equally it is called ___________. When electrons are shared unequally it is called ___________.: Covalent bonding

A non-polar bond

A polar bond
When atoms of a molecule interact with a hydrogen atom in the same area. Can also form between 2 different parts of the same molecule: Hydrogen bonding
Any reaction where oxygen combines with other substances A class of redox reactions where the oxidation number increases: Oxidation
Rusting iron and burning wood are what type of reaction?: Oxidation
Positive and negative compounds in a solution combine to form an insoluble ionic compound: Precipitation reaction
When acid reacts with a base and an ion of hydrogen transfers to the base: Acid-base reaction
When simple molecules (monomers) combine to form complex molecules (polymers): Polymerization
Occur when electrons move from one atom to another, changing the charge of the ion Oxidation number also changes: Electron transfer reactions (redox reactions)
Type of animal tissue where cells form a network and control responses to the internal and external environment.: Nervous
What are the 3 types of muscle?: 1. Smooth
2. Cardiac
3. Skeletal
Bone marrow produces ______ blood cells: Red
The functions of blood are:: 1. Transporting oxygen
2. Removing wastes
3. Carrying hormones
4. Defense
Four types of animal tissue:: 1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Nervous
4. Muscle
Fibrous tissue. Gives shape to organs and holds them in place. Cells are separated by non-living material called extracellular matrix Supports and binds other tissue Has cells scattered throughout extracellular matrix <: Connective tissue
Type of tissue that lines cavities and surfaces of structures in the body No blood cells Tightly packed cells: Epithelial tissue
Functions of epithelial tissue: 1.absorb
2. Secrete
3. Protect
4. Detect sensation
5. Regulation and exchange of chemicals
Blood is a type of _________ tisse: Connective
Bone is a type of _________ tisse.: Connective
Each half of the heart contains an________ and a _________.: Atrium, ventricle
The human digesttive system is made up of:: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus
The digestive system is controlled by which two systems?: Nervous, endocrine
Saliva contains enzymes to breakdown________.: Starch
What are the three functions of the stomach?: 1. Mixing and storing food
2. Dissolving and degrading food via secretions
3. Controlling the passage of food into the small intestine
Where does protein digestion begin?: The stomach
Where are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive system?: Small intestine
A liver secretion that breaks down fats and is stored in the gallbladder between meals: Bile
Lining of ________ is covered with tiny absorptive structures which increase the surface area for interaction with chyme. These structures are called _______.: Small intestine

Villi
Microscopic projections at the surface of villi that further increase the absorption of the small intestine.: Microvilli
The sun is composed of 70% _______, 28% ________ and 2% _________.: Hydrogen, helium, metals
The sun makes up how much of the total mass of the solar system?: 99.8%
The surface of the sun is called the __________. The __________ lies above the surface of the sun. The ________ extends millions of Kilometers into space.: Photosphere

Chromosphere

Corona
Relatively cool regions on the surface of the sun are: Sunspots
The __________ of the sun extends beyond Pluto.: Magnetosphere or heliosphere
__________ are taken to be fact without proof for the purpose of an experiment.: Assumptions
Mathematical statements that describe a physical behavior. They are sometimes discarded with new discoveries but are useful for simplifying: Scientific models
Describe natural behavior Have stood the test of time Produce accurate and repeatable results.: Scientific laws
Consolidates current scientific observations Still may be proven wrong More recent and have not yet stood the test of time: Scientific Theory
__________ always result in a change in composition or constitution of a compound.: Chemical reactions
The substance undergoing change in a reaction is called _________.: The reactant
Partner in a reaction that is less transformed than the reactant, such as the catalyst: Reagent
The final result of a reaction is the: Product
The defining structure of eukaryotic cells: Nucleus
True or false All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus: True
The nucleus contains:: Nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Nuclear pores
Chromatin
Ribosomes
Highly condensed threadlike rods of DNA: Chromosomes
Consists of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes: Chromatin
Consists of protein Small, round structure with no membrane Involved in protein synthesis Synthesizes and stores RNA: Nucleolus
The site of ribosome synthesis: Nucleolus
Involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm: Nuclear pores
The liquid material in the cell. Mostly water and some floating molecules: Cytosol
Refers to cytosol and substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus: Cytoplasm
The 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum and the difference between the two.: Rough ER has ribosomes on the surface.

Smooth ER has no ribosomes on the surface
The tubular network that comprises the transport system of a cell Fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane: Endoplasmic reticulum
Organelles that generate ATP They are involved in cell growth and death Contain their own DNA that is separate from that contained in the nucleus: Mitochondria
Found within all living cells Primary site of protein synthesis Numerous, make up 1/4 of cell: Ribosomes
Involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell Modifies proteins sent from rough endoplasmic reticulum Packages and labels items that are sent to other parts of the cell Located near the nucle: Golgi apparatus/ complex
Sacs used for storage, digestion and waste removal in the cell ________ cells have one large one. ________cells have small, numerous ones.: Vacuoles

Plant

Animal
A small organelle within a cell Contains fluid enclosed by a membrane Performs various functions, including moving materials within a cell: Vesicle
Network of fibers within the cell's cytoplasm that help support and give shape Contains microtubules: Cytoskeleton
Component of the cytoskeleton Support the cell Made of protein: Microtubules
Microtubule organizing center Comprised of a pair of centrioles located at right angles to each other Surrounded by a mass of protein Involved in mitosis and the cell cycle: Centrosome
Cylinder-shaped structures near the nucleus Involved in cellular division Each cylinder consists of 9 groups of 3 microtubules Occur in pairs: Centrioles
Digests protein, lipids and carbohydrates Transports digested substances to the cell membrane to be removed The waste disposal system of the cell "Suicide sacs": Lysosomes
Membrane bound organelle in plant cells Used to make chemical compounds and store food Can also contain pigments used during photosynthesis May differentiate into several forms: Plastids
Type of green plastid for photosynthesis Type of colored plastid Type of plastid that stores starch Plastid that lacks pigment and can sometimes differentiate into more specialized plastids: Chloroplasts

Chromoplasts

Amyloplasts

Leucoplasts
Is oxidized Loses electrons: Reducing agent
Is reduced Gains electrons: Oxidizing
An element undergoing _________ increases in it's oxidation number: Oxidation
An element undergoing __________ decreases in it's oxidation number: Reduction
Single replacement reactions are a type of what reaction?: Oxidation/ reduction
In _________ reactions electrons are transferred from one chemical species to another. The transfer of electrons equals changes in the nature and charge of the species.: Single replacement
In redox reactions: Loss of electron = Gain of electrons =: Oxidation

Reduction

* LEO says GER
Study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history: Etymology
Grammatical structure of words and their categories: Morphology
Replaces a noun or sometimes serve as an adjective modifying nouns (He, she, they) refer to specific people, places, or things. Can be singular or plural Used to show ownership (his, hers, theirs ours): Pronoun

Personal pronouns

Possessive pronouns
Susan arrived late because traffic held her up. Identify pronoun and antecedent.: Her - pronoun

Susan - antecedent

The Antecedent gives meaning to the pro- form or pro- noun
Type of pronoun that asks a question: Interrogative

Who, whom, which, that, whose
Sometimes classified as nouns Used to mark nouns Only three: The (definite) A, an (indefinite): Articles
Not and never are classified as: Adverbs

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Number of cards 186

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