Bio makeups
Terms
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- atoms
- elements of life, have a nucleus, protons/elections (atomic weight of 1, electrons
- atomic weight
- protons + nuetrons
- elements of life
- big 4- H C N O
- molecules
- compounds formed by interactions between complete/incomplete shells
- inert
- full shells
- chemical bonding
- occurs between reactive atoms
- ionic bonding
- type of chemical bonding- ions are atoms that have lost/gained electrons (now either pos or neg)
- covalent bonding
- type of chemical bonding- sharing electrons (bond of biological molecules)
- polar vs nonpolar
- covalent bonding
- free radicals
-
molecules with one or more unpaired electrons in outer shell
cancer, alzheimers - antioxidants
- neutralized free radicals (vitamins C and E)
- hydrogen bond
- type of chemical bond- partial changes on different parts of water molecules, produce weak attractive forces
- water
- interacts with other molecules, tends to stick together, supports acids bases or neutral conditions, moderates temp change, forms ice
- carbon
- can be organic (H) or inorganic (no H)
- functional groups
- attach to carbon backbone (glucose)
- monomers
- an organic molecule unto itself (glucose), covalently bond to other monomers to form polymers
- polymers
- made up of monomers
- amino acids
- made up of protein
- nucleotides
- made up of nucleic acid (dna rna)
- ose
- sugar
- dehydration synthesis
- monomer to monomer
- hydrolisys
- breaking down monomer bonds
- biological molecules
- carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
- carbs
- made up of C-H-O in 1-2-1 forms, primary use= energy
- monosaccharides
- carb- monomer- small simple sugar (glucose)
- disaccharide
- carb- small double sugar (sucrose)
- polysaccharde
- carb- no sugar but made up of glusoce (starch, chitin, cellulose, glycogen)
- lipids
- insoluble in water, energy storage molecules with water proof coverings on plants
- fats
- lipids- oils, waxes; energy and protection
- saturated fats
- solid at room temp, possess as many H atoms as possible
- unsaturated fats
- oil at room temp; dont posses as many H atoms
- transfat
- been shown to increase bad LDL cholesterol and lower good HDL cholesterol
- waxes
- chemically similar to fats, highly saturated but not digestible by most animals, form water proof covering, used for beehives
- phospholipids
- basic building block of membranes
- steriods
- consist of 4 carbon rings fused together, various functional groups attached to rings
- cholesterol
- cell membranes, liver bile, hormones, sex steroids (estrogen, testosterone)
- proteins
- gate keepers, communicaters, chemically pass signals through membrane, act as cell ID tags
- covalent bond
- peptide (chain <=50)
- polypeptide
- amino acid (chain >=50)
- protein structure
- exact type, position, and number of amino acids determine the structure and biological function of the protein (up to 4 levels of structure)
- primary protein structure
- amino acid sequence
- secondary protein structure
- helix and/or pleated
- tertiary protein structure
- folded secondary
- quaternary protein structure
- likes 2+ tertiary
- nucleic acid
- 3 part structure- phosphate, base, deoxyribose nucleotide
- polynucleotides
- 2 chains linked at bases by hydrogen bonds, genetic code to make proteins
- deoxyribose nucleotide
- phosphate, deoxyribose, 4 bases (adenine, thymine, gaunine, cytosine)
- ribose nucleotides
- monomers- contain ribose (4 bases- adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil) single chain= rna
- cell membrane
- surrounds a cell, double layer of phospholipids, protein, cholesterol
- hydrophilic
- head of phosphlipid
- hydrophobic
- end of phospholipid (tails together form a phospholipid bilayer
- phospholipid bilayer
- fluid
- transport proteins
- moves items in and out of cell (channel, carrier)
- receptor proteins
- when triggered, cause an action (specific responses when molecules in extra cellular fluid attach to them- chemical signal)
- recognition proteins
- call id tags, glycoproteins = protein + attached carbohydrate
- cholestrol
- stronger membrane, more flexible, but less fluid- plasma membranes are specifically permeable
- fluid
- liquid, gases
- gradient
- difference in a property between 2 adjoining regions (temp, pressure)
- concentration
- number of molecules in a fluid in a given unit of volume
- concentration gradient
- difference in concentrations between adjacent regions
- diffusion
- simple and facilitated
- passive transport
- no energy is required, moves a substance from high to low
- energy transport
- energy is required
- osmosis
- no energy required, diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
- active transport
- energy trans- moves ions against gradient
- endocytosis
- energy trans- pinocytosis (cells drinking), receptor (selective eating), phagocytosis (cells eating)
- exocytosis
- ejections of particles from cells
- cell support
- cell walls
- cells communicate
- by gap junctions and plasmadesmata
- molecular components
- amino acids, proteins, carbs, lipids, RNA DNA water, ribosomes
- plasma membrane
- used for cell communication, regulating in and out, separating environments
- prokaryote
- single celled, lacks organelles, no true nucleus, most have cell walls, 50% have flagellum
- eukaryotes
- larger, usually just a plasma membrane, cytoplasm has organelles/cytoskeleton, has a nucleus (strand chromosome)
- animal
- no cell walls, no central vacuole, no chloroplasts, centrioles
- plant
- cell walls, chloroplasts, central vacuole, plasmodesmata, no cetriole
- cell
- factory
- nucleous
- management and control center
- membrane system
- nuclear envelope, ER, golgi body, lysosomes, plasma membrane
- ERr
- ribosomes on surface, make proteins
- ERs
- embedded enzymes make lipids, detox
- golgi
- read id tags, let in and out, modify some molecules, repackages proteins and lipids
- vesicles
- transport cargo to golgi
- lysosomes
- formed by golgi, cells digestive system
- vaculous
- water regulation, support, storage
- mitochondria
- double membrane, extracts energy in glucose and other food- stores in ATP
- chloroplast
- double membrane, found in plants and some protists, sites of photosynthesis
- cytoskeleton
- protein fibers, provide cell shape, support, cell movement, organelle movement, cell diffusion
- plastids
- specialized double membrane organelles, primary storage containers (starch/pigments)
- energy
- kinetic, potential
- chemical reactions can be
- exergonic or endergonic
- exergonic
-
reactants-> energy released, products
(Provide energy for endergonic) - endergonic
- energy released, reactants-> products
- ATP
- an energy carrier molecule
- electrons
- energy carrier
- enzymes
- work best at an optimum pH, temp and salt level, if not optimum, the active site changes shape and substrate may no longer fit
- catalyst
- substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
- biological catalyst
- synthesized by a living organism, usually a protein
- metabolism
- flow must be timely and at a proper rate so the final product is not too much/too little
- enzyme
- active site's distinctive shape ONLY matches the substrate
- inhibitition
- alls the product of enzymes to be available
- allosteric inhibition
- active site shape changed
- competitive inhibition
- active site blocked
- life
- 3.8 billion years ago
- evolution proof
- fossils, darwin's principle of natural selection, gene mutation
- pre darwin years
- theology based- all organisms created through God, unchanged from moment of creation
- 1700s
- old testament 4-6,000 years, Aristotle
- 1800s
- found huge number of species, maybe common ancestor?
- fossils
- showed life had changed over time, different layers=different forms, some extinct
- george cuvier
- catastrophism
- georges louis leclere
- conceived by nature, not accept
- hutton and lyell
- gradualism, no mechanism
- old concepts
- spontaneous generation (maggots in meat)
- chemical evolution
- gave rise to progressively more complex molecule which eventually gave rise to living organisms (no proof)
- 4 stage life process
-
organic monomers were formed spontaneously in prebiotic conditions
organic monomers spontaneously formed polymers of life before life - 1980s
- discovered RNA molecule acts as an enzyme
- lab generated pre-cells
- shown the ability to display metabolism
- systematics
- science of reconstructing phylogeny
- phylogeny
- study of life/evolutionary history
- taxonomy
- identification, naming, and classification of species
- linnaeus 1700s
- 2 part name given to species- genus + species (homo sapian)
- hierarchical classification
- classifying species into increasingly broader groups
- earliest organisms
- monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia
- domain
- DNA makes group- bacteria, archaea, eukarya
- ernst mayer
- biological species concept
- biological species concept
- groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproducing isolated from other such groups= not same species, cant reproduce
- reproductive isolation
-
members of one population can not interbreed with another population
cannot define asexual organisms, how do we know 2 different groups did not interbreed? - premating
- occupy different habitats, physically seperated, breed at different times
- postmating
- sperm not capable of fertilizing egg, offspring not equipped to survive
- speciation
- process by which new species form
- genetic divergence of populations
- can no longer interbreed and produce VIABLE offspring
- isolation of populations
- geographic barriers/ecological difference- no interbreeding
- adaptive radiation
- form of sympatric speciation- when populations of one or more species invade a variety of new habitats and evolve into new species in response to differing environmental pressures
- animal diveristy
- no single characteristic defines an animal, multicellular, cell wall lackage, motile
- chordates
- notochord, nerve cord, post anal tail, gill slits (vertebrates or invertebrates)
- vertibrates
- classes, a, c, r, o, a, a, m
- bad guy virus
- pathogen
- viruses
- not alive, cannot reproduce on their own
- problem with viruses
- constantly mutating, produce new genes
- tobacco mosaic virus
- precipitated as crystal therefore the virus is a chemical in nature
- plant virus
- enters plant cells via rips, no cures, can breed some that are genetically resistant to viruses
- bacteriophage
- only invade bacteria
- bacteriophage life cycles
- lytic, lysogenic
- lytic
-
uses cells as host to reproduce
cause death - lysogenetic
-
hides in host cell until stresses then reproduces
cause death - animal viruses
-
associated by cell
nerve- polio, liver- hep, brain- rabies - AIDS
- retrovirus
- Flu
- 3 types- humans, birds, mammals for Type A BAD
- cell entry
- hemaglutinin
- cell wall destroyer
- neutramindase
- viriods
- affects only plants
- bacteria
- 13-15 kingdoms
- archaea
- most are extremophiles- halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens
- coccus
- spherical- staphylococci, streptococci, sore throats
- bacillus
- rod- decomposers, antibiotics
- spirochetes
- spiral/corkscrew- syphilis/lyme disease
- endospore
- cell within a cell, normally dehydrated, survives
- flagella
- locomotions, one at both ends or just one
- virus reproduction
- binary fission (asexual), produces a clone, one every 20 min
- autotroph
- gets carbon via CO2 (earths atmosphere)
- heterotroph
- gets carbon from an organic compound (sugar)
- chemotroph
- get energy from chemicals in the environment (all poisonous to us)
- nutritional classifications
- photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotrophs
- prokaryotes
- help digest cellulose, produces cheeses, yogurts, make vitamins K and B12
- pathogenic bacteria
- exotoxins, endotoxins
- exotoxins
- poisons secreted by bacterial cells (tetanus)
- endotoxins
- chemical components of cell walls (salmonella)
- protists
- the first eukaryotes, single/multicelled, form colonies
- protist characteristics
- organelles, nucleus, strand of DNA
- protist reproduction
- asexual miotic cell division (clone), some sexual reproduction (embryo never forms)
- 3 modes of nutrition
- photosynthesis, ingestion, absorption
- protozoans
- 4 major groups
- flagellates
- move bu 1+ flagellum (african sleeping sickness)
- cilliates
- move/feed using cilia (paramecium)
- apricomplexans
- parasites that enter a host's RBC via apex mechanism (malaria)
- slime molds
- decomposers
- plasmodial
- single cell with many nuclei
- cellular
- sing cell colony
- unicellular algea
- photosynthetic- dinoflagellates, diatoms, green algae, seaweeds (agar)
- vascular tissue
- developed for water transportation and nutrients
- cuticle/cork layer
- retards water loss
- plant reproduction
- reproduces sexually through spores
- seedless, no vascular
- no true leaves, water based, diffusion for water/nutrients, water required for reproduction, moss
- seedless, vascular
- land based, sporophyte is predominant, water required for reproduction, ferns
- naked seed, vascular
- gymnosperms, no flowers, no fruit, seeds and pollen help plants spread, conifers (pine cones)
- covered seed, vascular
- angiosperms, flowers, fruit, broad leaves, roots, shoots
- angiosperm
- flowering plant
- monocot
- lillies, grasses, palms, orchids
- dicot
- bushes, trees, garden flowers
- fungi
- live in food source or go dormant in low humidity
- heterotrophs
- cannot make food on their own
- hyphae
- long tubes fungi have
- fungi are responsible for
- high plant productivity, decomposing wood/organic matter, penicillin/other medications
- myocorrhizae
- symbiotic association between plant roots and fungus