pharmacology test 1
Terms
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- qh
- every hour
- po
- by mouth
- primary site of excretion
- kidneys
- nebul (Neb)
- a spray
- IM
- intramuscular
- 4 steps of U.S drug Approval System
- Identify Chemical, Animal Studies, Investigational New Drug (IND), New Drug Aplication
- 5 different names that a drug accumulate on route to become officially approved for use
- chemical name, code name, generic name, official name, trade name
- qod
- every other day
- Physician Desk Reference (PDR)
- annually prepared by manufacturers of drugs. provides useful information for drug identification, names of manufacturers and general drug actions
- 4 Pharmacokinetic phase factors
- absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
- Animal Studies
- examines general effect of isolated chemical on an organism and specific organs such as liver and kidneys
- hs
- at bedtime
- 5 drug interactions
- Potentiation (drug has no effect but increase the activity of the other drug), Additive (when two drugs act on the same receptors and combine effects), Synergism (when two drugs act on a target organ by different mechs. of action, the effect of the drug is greater than the sum of the separate effects of the drugs), Antagonism (blocks effect of drug by occupying a receptor site and prevents drug) Tolerance (describes a decreasing intensity of response to a drug over time
- 6 parts of a Prescription
- Written order, Patient's name, address date, Rx (recipe), name, strength, quantity and route of drug, specific instruction (frequency), signature
- Drug Nomenclature
- system of naming of drugs
- ml
- milliliter
- qd
- every day
- primary site of metabolism
- liver
- q4h
- every 4 hours
- L
- liter
- Transdermal Route
- (percutaneous) supply long-term continuous delivery to the systemic circulation. no need for hypodermic needle produces systemic effect.
- 5 Routes of administration
- Enteral, Parenteral, Transdermal, Inhalation, Topical
- national Formulary (NF)
- published by the U.S pharmacopeial convention in 1888. in 1980, (date of revision of USP), NF was combined with the USP into a single volume
- Pharmacodynamic Phase
- describes the mechanisms of drug action my which a drug molecule causes its effect in the body
- drug allergy
- severe response to safe dose of a drug
- Schedule II
- (no telephone prescriptions, no refill) morphine, codeine, cocaine, opium, amphetamines
- Metabolism
- drug is physically broken down
- gtt
- a drop
- c
- with
- Schedule IV
- phenobarbital, barbital chloral hydrate
- Controlled group with disease study
- drug is investigated on a small number of individuals with the disease the drug intends to treat.
- Generic name
- the name assigned to a chemical by the U,S adopted name (USAN) council when the chemical appears to have therapeutic use
- Pharmocokinetic Phase
- time course and disposition of a drug in the body based on its absorption, metabolism and elimination. what your body does with the drug (systemic or local)
- Schedule I
- (illegal) heroin marijuana, LSD, peyote and mescaline
- pc
- after meals
- Pharmacology
- science of studying drugs and their interactions with organisms
- Topical Route
- applied to skin or mucous membranes for local effect.
- Identifying Chemical
- identifying a chemical with the potential for useful physiological effects
- ac
- before meal
- what must a patient have in order to take oral medications
- patient must be able to swallow and airway protective reflexes should be intact
- Inhalation Route
- can be given for either systemic effect (anesthesia) or local effect in lung (aerosolized agents)
- name 5 specialty areas of drug study
- pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, toxicology
- New Drug Application
- application filed with FDA upon approval for general clinical use (no longer experimental). A reporting system is set for the first 6 months to track any problems.
- Pharmacokinetics
- describes what the body does to a drug
- 6 Factors influencing effects of a drug
- dosage, time, weight, age, sex, disease processes
- United States Pharmacopia (USP)
- published in 1820 as a private medical effort. became official with FDA in 1906. It specifies standards for drugs such as oxygen indicated by the USP label. Revised every 5 years.
- Code name
- a name assigned by a manufacturer to an experimental chemical that shows potential as a drug
- 7 Dose- Response
- ED50- (median effective dose out of 50% of population producing 50% of that drug's maximal response. Efficacy (is the property that enables drugs to produce responses.) Toxicity (adverse affects of drugs) LD50 (dosage that produces lethal effect 50% of population ) safety, TI (ratio between ED50 and LD 50 for a given drug indicating half of the test subjects rather than a 50% clinical response)
- drug idiosyncrasy
- the wrong effect of the drug occurs
- Chemical name
- the name indicating the drug's chemical structure
- Schedule III
- (prescription must be written after 6. mo or five refills) barbiturates, paregoric, glutethimide
- tid
- three times daily
- Affinity
- the force of attraction between drug and receptor. how tight a drug binds to a receptor.
- p
- after
- a
- before
- prn
- as needed
- 4 Absorption mechanisms
- aqueous diffusion (within interstitial spaces or within a cell), lipid diffusion (lipid insoluble-ionized-polar drug, lipid soluble-nonionized, nonpolar drug) carrier-mediated transport (molecules attached to carrier to be transported) pinocytosis (drug moves into cell my membrane engulfment)
- cc
- cubic centimeter
- q2h
- every 2 hours
- Pharmacogenetics
- the study of hereditary or genetic differences of patients and their responses to drugs
- Distribution
- drug absorbed into bloodstream and moved into tissues of the body
- Controlled Substance Act
- (1971) it lists requirements for the control, sale, and dispensation of narcotics and dangerous drugs.
- advantages of Oral Route
- is economical, safer, convenient, painless, and flexible in possible dose forms
- Pharmacotherapeutics
- treating disease with drugs
- which route is the most common
- Oral
- s
- without
- Parenteral Route
- (injectable) any route of administration other than enteral. injection. 3 options intravenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous (SC). can be given in small volumes and is rapid. sytemic
- primary site of distribution
- circulatory system
- Trade name
- the brand name or proprietary name given by a particular manufacturer
- U.S Drug Approval System
- process by which a chemical moves from potential drug to approved by the FDA
- Toxicology
- the study of toxic substances and their pharmacological actions, including antidotes and poison control
- q3h
- every 3 hours
- Prescription
- a written order of a drug along with any specific instructions for compounding, dispensing and taking the drug
- 3 Drug Information Resources
- Physicians Desk Reference (PDR), United States Pharmacopia (USP), national Formulary (NF)
- Investigational New Drug (IND)
- an application that is filed with the FDA for the chemical being examined. It contains all the information previously gathered. has 3 phases- healthy volunteers, controlled group
- Healthy Volunteers study
- drug is investigated in a small group of healthy volunteers to establish its activity (pharmacokinetics)
- define Schedules of controlled substances
- schedules I-V generally define drugs of decreasing potential for abuse, increasing medical use, and decreasing physical dependence
- npo
- nothing my mouth
- Official name
- name that is assigned and used if drug becomes fully approved for general use and admitted to the U.S pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF)
- IV
- intravenous
- qid
- four times a day
- Enteral Route
- (small intestine) intended for absorption anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract- oral, rectal, sublingual. can be systemic
- Pharmacodynamics
- describes what the drug does to the body
- q
- every
- what conditions hamper excretion processq
- kidney failure
- what affects absorption
- Route of administration
- Lock and Key Theory
- In this analogy, the lock is the enzyme and the key is the substrate. Only the correctly sized key (substrate) fits into the key hole (active site) of the lock (enzyme).Smaller keys, larger keys, or incorrectly positioned teeth on keys (incorrectly shaped or sized substrate molecules) do not fit into the lock (enzyme). Only the correctly shaped key opens a particular lock.
- Schedule V
- (any nonopioid prescription drug) cough medicines, lomotil, atropine sulfate
- Large study
- the drug is investigated in large, multicenter studies to establish safety and efficacy
- Excretion
- elimination of waste product of drug metabolism
- Orphan Drug
- a drug or biological product used for the diagnosis or treatment of a rare disease (fewer than 200,000 persons), or used to treat another condition besides the one it is used to normally treat.
- what is needed to know in order to choose route to administer drug
- know form of drug, ability of patient, quantity of drug