History Term Lists
History Islam Terms
Terms
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- Judaism
- A religion that is Monotheistic and based on the Torah
- Shiites
- A section of Islam that believes that Ali, Muhammad's son in law and husband of Fatima, Muhammad's daughter, and that only decedents of Muhammad could be the prophet and interpret the Quran like Muhammad
- Confucius
- 551 BC-479 BC Taught proper way to live
- Mongols
- 1200-1405AD invaded china
- Vardhamana Mahavira
- Leader- Founded Jainism
- Great Wall of Chia
- 220 BC built by Shi Huangdi to protect china from the Nomadic Mongols of the North
- Patriarchal
- Father is the leader
- Abu Bakr
- Muhammad's father in law, first caliph
- Ramayana
- Teaches values and behavior
- Varnas/jatis (caste system)
- social group you are born into and cannot get out of- No intermarriage
- Berbers
- Nomadic North african people
- Zealots
- Radical Jews that opposed Roman rule
- Genghis Khan
- 1216 led mongols into southwest Asia. Ruthless leader
- Rabbi
- a leader of a specific synagogue
- Confucianism
- The official belief of china--> Han Dynasty 202 BC-220 AD
- Suleiman
- under him the Ottoman empire went through a golden age, ruled form 1520-1566, known as "Lawgiver" europeans called him "_______ the Great"
- Pax Mongolia
- Mongol peace, established by sons and grandsons of Genghis Khan
- Al-Khwarriem
- a Mathematician who pioneered the study of algebra and wrote a book, developed set of astronomical tables based on Indian and Greek
- Analects
- Collected sayings of Confucius
- Incan Empire
- 1100 AD empire within Mesoamerica
- yin and Yang
- bad is earth, female force, darkness and good is heaven, light male- the balance between the two
- Apocalyptic Thought
- The last book of the New testament (Revelations) and idea regarded as prophetic
- Paleolithic
- Old stone age 2 mil BC- 10000 BC
- Bablaonian Captivity
- A time when Nebuchadnzzar destroyed great temple and forced many Jews into exile in Babylon
- Polytheistic
- Belief in many gods
- Disiple
- close follower
- Mesopotamia
- "Between the rivers" the area of land between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers
- Axum
- Farmers, Jewish tradition in this, where the language geez was established
- Dao De Jing
- Influences human life by writing book about daoism
- Clergy
- The group of people who conduct Christian services
- Sunni
- A section of Islam that believes that any male, pious Muslim from Muhammad's tribe could be the successor to Muhammad
- Faamecca
- Daily Prayer
- Babur
- the Turkish and Mongol armies head rode, claimed to be the decedent of Ghengis Khan and Tamerland
- Five Relationships
- Husband to Wife, Older Brother to Younger brother, Ruler to Subject, Friend to Friend, Parent to Child
- Nirvana
- the final goal
- Shah Jahan
- Akbar's Grandson, built Taj Mahal
- Siddhartha Guatama
- the enlightened one
- Cuzco
- Capital of Incan empire, all roads led here
- Bantu Migrations
- West african farmers and herders migrated to south and east trace through the language Bantu
- Kublai Khan
- Genghis Khan's grandson. toppled the last song empire in 1279
- Animism
- belief that world is full of spirits in world, ie. animals, river, dreams
- Torah
- Judaism's most sacred text
- Ahimsa
- Non-violence
- Tenochtitlan
- Capital of Aztec
- Nur Jahan
- The wife of Jahangir who did most of the ruling, most powerful ruler in Indian History
- Gupta Empire
- 320-540 AD great cultural achievement empire of India
- Pharisees
- Jews who observed written and oral (traditional) law
- Baghdad
- the capital that Al-Mansur chose for the Abbasid empire
- Mohenjo-Daro
- Discovered 1920s twin capital with Harappa
- Specialization of labor
- select job careers
- Sapa Inca
- The tile of the Inca Emperors, owned everything and everyone
- Bedouins
- Nomadic Herders that moved through the desert to reach seasonal pasture lands for their camels, goats and sheep
- Mahabharata
- great epic of the Aryans, 100,000 stanzas. tells about how they work their way into India
- Sufis
- Muslim mystics who sought communication with god through meditation, fasting and other rituals
- Atman
- the essential self, soul. what makes your being existent
- Shiva
- The Destroyer
- Mandate of Heaven
- A divine right and directly from god, key to a good government in China
- Delhi
- the capital that Ghur chose for his sultanate
- Han Dynasty
- a dynasty from 202 BC-220 AD
- Matriarchal
- Mother is the leader
- Qajars
- people who won control and made a new dynasty in the 1700s
- Vedic Age
- 1500 BC-500 BC
- Akbar
- Chief Builder of empire- created strong central government
- Vishnu
- The preserver
- Sultan
- a Seljuk ruler that controlled Baghdad but kept Abbasid caliphs as puppet figureheads
- Messiah
- Anointed King sent by God
- Zimbabwe
- 900-1500AD stone houses established by Bantu people
- Sikhism
- religion of North India- mixture of Hindu and Islam beliefs
- Abbasid empire
- founded by Abu- Al Abbas from 700 to 1258 and was based on equality
- Saint Augustine of Hippo
- A person who combined christian doctrine with Greek and Roman learning
- Minarets
- Slender towers of the Mosques that loomed overhead in Baghdad- 5 times a day, Muezzins climbed to the tops of these and called the faithful to prayer
- Four noble truths and the Eightfold path
- core belief of Buddhism
- Mauryan Empire
- 321 BC-185 BC empire
- Swahili City-States
- East Africa-east african trading system
- Tehran
- Qujar's capital until 1925
- Zoroastrianism
- The followers of Zoroaster, a persian thinker
- Silk Road
- Network of trade routes from china to the Mediterranean
- Phoenicians
- A group of people famous for being sailors and traders and manufacturing. Located near the sea
- Taj Mahal
- A tomb built for Mumtaz, Shah Jahan's wife who bore 14 children and died at 39
- Trinity
- 3 persons one God
- Jesus of Nazareth
- The messiah of the Christian people, the son of God
- Laozi
- Founder of daoism, old master
- Hierarchy/Social Stratification
- levels of classes
- Khadija
- Muhammad's wife; a wealthy widow who ran a prosperous caravan business
- Omar Khayyam
- Famous in Muslim world as a scholar and astronomer who's masterpiece was the Rubaitat
- Chandragupta
- 321 BC First Mauryan's leader
- Dynasty
- The first one-Shang--> Ruling family started 1766 BC-1122 BC
- Moksha
- Ultimate goal of existence
- Shah Jahan
- Akbar's grandson-build Taj Mahal
- Covenant
- Promise and Agreement
- Maya
- 250-900 AD where city states flourished in the Yucatan Peninsula
- Millets
- religious communities
- Huitzilopochtli
- The patron god of the Incan people
- Prophet
- Spiritual leaders to interpret god's will
- Ibn Rushd
- also know as Averroes in Europe- put all knowledge except the Quran to the test of reason
- Muhammad Al-Razi
- the head physician of Baghdad's chief hospital, wrote many books including on measles and small pox, challenged and accepted medical practices
- Mughal Empire
- Mongol in Persian area 1526-1857
- Hammurabi's Code
- A publication of a set of laws including civil and criminal law
- Shahada
- Declaration of faith
- Monotheism
- belief in one fod
- Imams
- decedents of Muhammad
- Istambul
- Constansinoble's rename
- The Thousand and One Nights
- A group of tales narrated by a fictional princess, many are set in baghdad, include romances, fables, adventures, best known for Aladdin and the magic lamp
- Dynastic Cycle
- Rise and fall of dynasties, good government leads to good emperor, bad government leads to bad emperor.
- Mesoamerica
- Mexico and Central America
- Asceticism
- strict self-denial
- Umayyad caliphate
- a dynasty of Sunni caliphs that ruled the Muslim empire until 750, capital was Damascus, Syria, expanded Arab rule to Spain and Morocco to the Indus river valley in the East
- Sumerians
- The People who lived in the first civilization developed in South Eastern part
- Sultanate
- a land ruled by a sultan
- Bhagvad-Gita
- literary work of Hindu beliefs
- Mansa Musa
- brought Islam to Mali extended border to Atlantic Ocean
- Zakat
- A tax that some countries have for money for the poor
- Sadducees
- Aristocratic priests that controlled the temple Natural enemies with the Pharisees
- Ottomans
- Turkish speaking nomadic people who migrated from central asia
- Daoism
- Founded by Laozi, go with the flow, living in harmony with nature--> Best government is no government
- Moses
- An Israelite who renewed god's covenant with the Israelites, Brought the 10 commandments from God, led the Israelites to Exodus
- Marco polo
- Traveler and adventurer from venice, served kublai khan for 7 years wrote about wealth and splendor of china
- Brahman
- all powerful spiritual force
- Janizaries
- a place where young christian men from christian families were converted to muslim and trained, the elite force of the Ottoman empire, best students received special education to become judges, poets or even viziers
- Buddhism
- The enlightened one's religion
- New Testament
- a group of books written after Jesus' death
- Samsara
- reincarnation
- Artisans
- Skilled crafts peoples, specialized skills of people
- Shi Huangdi
- The first emperor 221 BC-210 BC built great wall, first emperor Zheng empire- wall built to keep out mongols
- Persian Empire
- An area of land that includes Asia Minor, Egypt and up to the Mediterranean Sea and India/Asia
- Grand Canal
- rebuilt and extended to Beijing by Kublai Khan
- Harappa
- Discovered 1920s twin capital with Mohenjo- Daro
- Neolithic
- New stone age- 10,000 BC- end of BC
- Urbanization
- City
- Umma
- A Muslim community
- Cuneiform
- The earliest known writing; A wedge that scribes wrote on by making wedge shaped marks on clay tablets
- Dogma
- A central belief
- Firdowsi
- wrote in Persian using Arabic script
- Legalism
- a philosophy of government based on the teachings of Hanfeizi
- Trans-Saharan trade
- west african trading- two commodities, gold and salt
- Jainism
- 500 BC religion that grew out of Hindu traditions
- Kaaba
- A place where many people pray, an ancient temple that housed statues that is believed to be built by Abraham to worship one god, later rededicated to Allah
- Indus River Valley
- Pakistan 2600 BC- 1900 BC
- Kingdom of Ghana
- The land of gold
- Akbar
- Babur's grandson, muslim but supported hindus because of toleration practices, created central government
- Ethiopia
- More Judaism, rulers: King Solomon and Queen Sheeba
- Mosques
- Houses of worship for the Islam people, also known as Masjids
- Jihad
- Another duty to struggle in god's service, can be interpreted as a holy war
- Savana
- Grassy plains
- Aryan Migration
- Nomads, before 2000 BC ended 1500 BC, went into subcontinent of India
- Essenes
- Holy, pious ancient Jews, Ascetics
- Upanishads
- Section of Vedas that addresses mystical hindu questions
- Onslaughts
- vigorous attacks
- Timbuktu
- Vast trading and education city
- Bishop
- A high church official responsible for everyone in his Diocese
- Brahma
- the Creator
- Fasting
- Must happen during Ramadan from sunrise to sunset
- Monotheism
- Belief in one god
- Shah Abbas
- the great, is best known and revived glory of ancient persia
- Abraham
- A man who lived in Ur. He is the prophet of Judaism, Islam, and Christianity
- People of the Book
- Jews, Christians
- Dharma
- Religious and moral duties
- Sharia
- Body of law that includes interpretation of the Quran, regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of individual and community life
- Muhammad
- Prophet for Islam born about 570 AD died 632 AD
- Calligraphy
- art of beautiful handwriting
- Isfahan
- the center of International silk trade
- Mecca
- Bustling market town at crossroads of several caravan routes and pilgrimage place for Muslims
- Yathrib
- A city Muhammad and his followers visited after death threats to Muhammad (later named Medina)
- Kingdom of Mali
- "Where the King dwells" in Arabic--> Islam
- Archbishop
- A person of lower authority than the Bishop in the church and higher authority than a preist
- Sheng He
- Chinese Admiral and diplomat 1405-1433 when 7 expeditions showing strength of chinese empire
- Sundiata
- Founder of Mali, sickly person who was thought of as "not a threat" but rose above and conquered Mali
- Ibn Khaldun
- Set the standard for scientific study of history, stressed economics and social structure as the cause of historical events
- The Western Wall
- A wall in Jerusalem, part of Herit's temple, where the Jews go to worship
- Hinduism
- "God is one, but wise people know it by many names"
- Apostles
- the 12 Disciples of Jesus
- Delhi Sultanate
- Defeated Hindus-start of Muslim rule in North India 1206-1526 AD
- Caliph
- First successor to Muhammad
- Yahweh
- Another word for god
- Writing Systems (Scribes)
- scribe trained to read and write
- Diaspora
- Spreading of the Jews out of Judea
- Mughal dynasty
- the dynast that Babur set up (1526-1857)
- Baptism
- A right of passage for newcomers to the Christian church
- Heresy
- A belief said to be contrary to official church teachings
- Safavid dynasty
- United empire in Persia in between two powers- Mughal India and Ottoman empre, shiite muslims who enforced beliefs in empire
- Ibn- Sina
- Also known as Avicenna in Europe, a 16 year old doctor, his great work was canon on medicine, developed way to treat cataracts
- Nomads
- Moving to survive
- Shah
- the King of the Safavid empire
- Rajahs
- local hindu rulers
- Rig-Veda (Vedas)
- collection of hymns, chants, and religious teachings, rituals --> aryans seen as warriors
- Hajj
- Pilgrimage to Mecca (5th pillar of Islam)
- Ashoka
- Chandragupta's grandson- most honored in Mauryan empire
- Domesticate
- best human use
- Hijra
- The journey Muhammad and his followers took to Yathrib
- Peter
- The chief apostle and most unfaithful of all. The first pope of Rome
- Irrigation
- control of water to grow crops
- Clan/Tribe
- Community
- Martyr
- A person who suffers or dies for their beliefs
- Tamerlane
- Mongol who lead mongols into Middle east
- Egypt
- An area of land separated by lower and upper, lower in the North, and upper in the South
- Karma
- All the actions of your fate in the next life
- Medina
- "City of the Prophet" formerly known as Yathrib
- Talmud
- Additional laws and customs written down much later than the Torah
- Paul of Tarsus
- A Jew from Asia Minor who prosecuted Jesus and later saw him in a vision
- Quran
- Sacred Text of Islam- states god is all powerful and compassionate and that people are responsible for their own actions
- River Valley
- Mesopotamia
- Filial Piety
- Respect for parents other all other duties
- Hunting and Gathering
- Food for survival
- Synagogue
- A place of worship for the Jewish people
- Suras
- Chapters in the Quran