Psychology Ch 2
Terms
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- Erik Erikson
- Theorized that learning is long lasting change in development
- Erik Erikson
- modified and extended Freudian theory
- Erik Erikson
- view of development stressing that changes result from experience or adaptation to the environment
- nature
- inborn traits or characteristics inherited from parents (innate characteristics)
- superego
- conscience; incorporates socially acceptable "should's" and "should not's"
- Jean Piaget
- Cognitive Stage Theory
- Sigmund Freud
- He believed that the first 5-6 years was absolutely critical in development of child
- Erik Erikson
- emphasized societal influences on personality development
- operant conditioning
- Type of learning in which a person repeats a behavior that has been reinforced or ceases a behavior that has been punished
- Sigmund Freud
- his theories laid the ground work for all theories that came after
- cognitive stage theory
- from infancy to adolescence mental operations eveolve from simple sensory learning to logical abstract thought
- hypothesis
- explanations of predictions that can be tested
- Erik Erikson
- made study of human development more scientific. He precisely defined terms. His theories could be tested in a lab
- example of classical conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov's dog experiment
- social learning theory
- behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models
- Erik Erikson
- developed theory of eight stages across the lifespan
- behaviorism
- Emphasizes the study of observable behaviors and events and the predictable role of environment in causing behavior.
- classical conditioning
- type of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the response after the stimulus is repeatedly associated with another stimulus
- nurture
- the world outside the self beginning in the womb and learning that comes from experience (upbringing, schooling, & other social influences)
- cognitive stage theory
- development occurs in a series of different stages
- Sigmund Freud
- Alive during the Victorian era
- phallic
- (year 3- 5-6) 3rd stage of psychosexual; most critical stage according to Freud; child develops Oedipus Complex
- Sigmund Freud
- Most creative phase was in his 40's
- Jean Piaget
- information processing approach
- example of classical conditioning
- John Watson's little Albert experiment
- punishment
- introducing an aversive event, withdrawing a positive event, extinction, behavior modification
- anal
- (year2&3) 2nd stage of psychosexual - the anal zone becomes the focus; if not adequately potty trained it could result in anal fixation, anal retentive
- Erik Erikson
- "Crisis" occurs at each stage and must be resolve for healthy ego development
- qualitative
- something new, change in kind, structure, or organization, ex non-verbal to verbal
- ego
- represents reason or common sense (protects the id)
- scientific method
- 1. identify problem 2. formulate hypothesis 3. collect data 4. analyze data 5. disseminate findings
- theory
- logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain & predict data
- Sigmund Freud
- Formulated most of his theories from his work with female patients
- Erik Erikson
- believed ego development was lifelong
- cognitive stage theory
- at each stage, in this theory, the child develops a new way of operating
- genital
- (12up) 5th stage of psychosexual; mature sexuality
- oral
- (year 1) 1st of psychosexual stages - child experiences the world through their mouths. If they are not adequately weaned it will result in oral fixation such as smoking, nail biting, or become dependent, clingy
- qualitative research
- feelings and emotions; harder to measure; doesn't yield concrete conclusions; more exploritory
- Sigmund Freud
- Psychoanalysis was his therapeutic approach
- Sigmund Freud
- His theories were driven by biology
- organismic
- model that views human development as internally intiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages
- mechanistic
- model that views human development as a series of passive, predictable responses to stimuli
- Albert Bandura
- Social Learning Theory; learner is active; observational learning; occurs through the watching of others
- Jean Piaget
- cognitive nueorscience approach
- Sigmund Freud
- Had an unnatural fear of death
- punishment
- stimulus followed by behavior which decreases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
- cognitive stage theory
- 1. Organization 2. Adaptation 3. Equilibrium
- reinforcement
- stimulus followed by behavior that increases the probability the behavior will be repeated - positive & negative
- id
- source of motives and desires present at birth
- latency
- (5-12) 4th stage of psychosexual; child loses interest in sexual behavior
- Sigmund Freud
- He made us aware of importance of unconscious thoughts, feels, and motivations and role of childhood experience in personality formation
- quantitative
- number or amount of change that can be measured, ex growth, weight
- quantitative research
- can be measured by numbers
- Sigmund Freud
- Born in Vienna, 1st born of 8
- pschosexual development
- sequence of stages of personality development during infancy, childhood, and adolescence in which gratification shifts from mouth to anus to genitals