Science Final Exam 2

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Terms

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Good system of measurement: 1. standard- system everyone agrees

2. precision- degree of refinement

3. accuracy- tool or instrument confirms to a standard
metric system: km, hm, dam, basic unit, dm, cm, mm
scientific method: 1. Problem
2. Research
3. Hypothesis- educated guess or statement
4. Experiment- test hypothesis
- Control- canâ€™t control, independent (the thing that is being changed)
- Variable- the thing that is being changed, dependent (changes as result of inde. variable)
5. Data/ Observation- a table and a graph included
6. Analyze- what went wrong, why did it worked, what could be changed
7. Conclusion, yes or no to hypothesis specific data for support
Law: Law- proven and accepted as true
Theory: Theory- time tested predictable, explanation of event
Fact: Fact- Something proved true or false
Lab Rules: no fooling around
no eating/drinking
wear safety goggles
don't clean up any spills or breaks
volume: amount of space an object takes up
matter: substance that makes up all objects
mass, unit?: the amount of matter an object has

grams
density: m/v how close matter is packed together in an object
General Properties of Matter: Mass, Volume, Density, and Weight
Inertia? Newton's Law of Inertia?: resistance to changes in motion

Objects in motion will stay in motion. Stationary objects will stay motionless untill acted upon by an outside force.
4 stages of matter? explain each one.: solid- tightly packed, hardly any movement of molecules, definate shape and definate volume

liquid- particles more spread out, faster motion, no definate volume

gases- particles spread out as far as they can go and very fast moving
no shape no volume

plasma- very high energy, found in stars
velocity: resistence to flow
science: an organized knowledge about the universe that is used to make our lives better
Law of conservation of matter: matter can not be created and can not be destroyed
chemical change: take matter and change it into something new
physical change: change matter but no new substances are formed
types of mixtures: hetrogeneous and homogeneous
hetrogeneous: parts are large
easy to seperate
easy to see
"least mixed"
homogeneous: parts are small
not easy to seperate
not easy to see
types of homogeneous mixtures: solution and colliod
solution: one substance that is dissolved into another substance
alloy solute solvent: solution of metals

solute- thing being dissolved
solvent- thing that is doing hte dissolving
colliod: particles suspended but not dissolved, cloudy, scattered
pure substance: made up of one substance
element: smallest part of a pure substance
atom: smallest part of an element you can have and still have the properties of the element
compound: two or more things combined chemically
rules of compounds: 1. amounts do matter

2.can be seperated

3. each part does not retian its own properties
molecule: smallest part of a compound that still retains its properties
all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds true/false: true
chemical symbols: makes it easier to write elements
chemical formula 3H2O: 3- coefficient tells you the number of the molecules

H- hydrogen

2-subscript tells you the number of attoms for the element

O- oxygen
balanced equation: you need the same amount of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation
rules for balancing equations: can not add or take away subscript

can add coefficients

can't spilt a compound
three types of reactions: synthesis, decompostion, replacement
synthesis reaction: combining things to form new things
decompostion reaction: single thing broken
replacement reation: one element replaces another
reation rate: how fast to react
factors that effect reaction rate: temperature

concentration

surface area
exothermic reaction: gives off heat
endothermic reation: heat is being absorbed
Charle's Law: increase the temp of gas
increase the volume of the gas
Boyle's Law: increase pressure on the gas
decrease the volume of the gas
Indirect evidence: information obtained about an object without actully seeing it or touching
Democritus: atom is the smallest piece of matter and made of the same material
an atom is always moving
Dalton: gases combine as if made of tiny indiviual particles

elements composed of atoms
Thomson: atom made up of particles
negatively charged particles had to include positively charged particles

plum pudding
negatively charged pudding
positively charged plums scattered in the pudding
Rutherford: positive repels positive
nucleus is the center of the atom (positively charged)
negatively charged particles around the nucleus
Bohr Model: electrons move in a definate orbit around the nucleus

energy levels are located in distances from the nucleus
Wave Model: electrons do not move in a definate path
location of the electron can be decided on how much energy it has
Subatomic Particles: particles are smaller than hte atom itself
nucleus: the center of the atom
atoms are not alive true/false: true
most of the mass of the atom located in the nucleus true/false: true
Protons: positively charged particles
the number of neutrons determines what the element is true/false: false, the number of protons
neutrons: no charge
atomic mass unit: amu
electrons: negatively charged particles
electrons in the first level have the most energy: false
Atomic Number: # of protons
Mass #: sum of p+ and neutrons
Electricity: movement of electrons
Static Electricity: transfer of electrons from one place ot another
current: vibration of electrons within a wire
electromagnetic force: opposites attract
like repel
this electrons from colliding
Strong Force: strong enough to overcome electromagnetic force
keeps protons together
limited range
weak force: responsible for radioactive decay
Gravity: force of attention between everything
Happy Atoms: to make happy atoms the atoms have to have complete outer energy levels
energy levels: 1- 2 electrons
2- 8
4- 18
3 ways to make Atoms happy: share electrons

take electrons

give up electrons
Covalent Bond: atoms join together by sharing electrons
Valence Electrons: the elctrons in the outer level
Ionic Bond: joining of atoms by gaining or losing electrons
ion: charged particle
cation: positive particle
anion: negative particle
Energy: the ability to do work
in order for work to be done the object has to: move
force is a: push or a pull
all matter has potienal energy because: all matter has the ability to do work
Indicator: a substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base
acid: sour taste
corrosive
sontain hydrogen and nonmetals
produce hydronium ions when placed in water
proton donors
Bases: breaks down greases and oils
bitter taste
neutralizes acids
slippery
contains hydrogen oxygen and a metal
produces hydroxide ions in water
proton accepters
Name A Binary Acid: Prefix Hydro + root of nonmetal + ic

ex. Hydro + chlor +ic

Hydrochloric Acid
Name A Ternary Acid: root of nonmetal + ic

Sulfur + ic Acid

Nitr + ic Acid
Name a Base: name of metal + hydroxide

MgOH = Magnesium Hydroxide
pH Scale: shows the strength of acids and bases

going inward gets weaker

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