Psych 3
Terms
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- Gf-gc theory
- distinguishes two general intelligences; crystallized and fluid
- crystallized intelligence
- people's store of knowledge, such as vocab and general knowledge
- Fluid intelligence
- intellectual capacities that have no specific content but are used in processing info and approaching novel problems; ex: drawing inferences
- Investment theory
- talent(gf) and investment = knowledge(gc)
- Spearman's Two Factor Theory
- distinguished general and specific factors
- g-factor
- gen. intelligence
- s-factor
- explain differences in correlations between different pairs of measures; spec. ability unique to certain tests or shared by only subset of tests
- positive manifold
- all cognitive ability tests are correlated
- flynn effect
- IQ has been rising 3 pts. per decade since 1930's; when adopted, child will have higher IQ if raised in a high IQ family
- Learning disorder
- low academic achievement due to cognitive dysfunction
- dyslexia
- poor reading caused primarily by phonological awareness, memory retrieval speed, and working memory
- dyscalculia
- poor math skills caused by deficits in working memory and visio/spatial
- dysgraphia
- poor writing skills
- Nonverbal learning disorder
- vis-spatial deficits that interfere w/ the ability to understand vis. info, emotions and body language
- Which cognitive abilities decrease with age?
- crystallized intelligence, long-term memory retrieval
- What is g?
- general intelligence
- Why is it said that g exists?
- Because all tests are related
- How is g measured?
- by IQ tests-good IQ tests measure variety of abilities
- With which sorts of benefits is IQ correlated?
- academic achievement, occupational functioning and income, creativity, health and brain size, emotional well-being, and near-sightedness
- What happens to correlation between adoptive relatives IQ over time? Bio relatives?
- In early years, child's intelligence is raised if in high IQ family; permanent benefit but very little beneft
- Which sorts of things are known to increase and decrease IQ scores?
- every year of missed school-5 pts.; Head Start-benefits wear off; nutrition and public health
- Which cognitive abilities tend to be lower in people w/ dyslexia
- reading
- What are the differences between familial and organic mental retardation?
- Fam-siblings also have lower than avg. IQ; org-average siblings
- The Four Horsemaen of the Apocalypse
- reference to the book of Revelations
- Traits
- emotional, cognitive, and behavioral tendencies that constitute underlying personality dimensions on which individuals vary
- Lexical hypothesis
- important personality distinctions are embedded in language
- Big Five Model of Personality
- trait theory which asserts that personality consists of five traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
- Temperament
- basic personality disposition heavily influenced by genes
- Id
- reservoir of sexual and aggressive energy; driven by impulses
- Ego
- balance desire,reality, and morality; rational, logicaland goal directed
- Super ego
- conscience and source of ideas-parental voice within person
- Repression
- person keeps thoughts/memories that would be too threatening to acknowledge from awareness
- Denial
- similar to repression but person refuses to acknowledge external realities
- Projection
- person attributes his own unacknowledged feelings on others
- Sublimation
- converting sexual or aggressive impulses into socially acceptable
- Rationalization
- person explains away actions in logical way to avoid uncomfortale feelings, especially guilt
- Reaction formation
- person turns unacceptable feelings into their opposites
- Suppression
- deciding to not think about a stressor; most healty in respect to repression adn denial
- Michel's Critique of Personality Psycholgoy
- if personality is not consistent, psychologists have nothing to measure
- Situational variables
- circumstances in which people find themselves
- Person-by-situation interactions
- people express particular traits in particular situations
- Roger's Person-centered approach
- most widely used humanistic theory of personality; believed that humans are basically good but their personality becomes distored by interpersonal experiences
- Empathy
- Capacity to understand another person's experience cognitively and emotionally
- True self
- core aspect of being, untainted by demans of those around
- false self
- mask people wear and ultimatelymistake to be their true face
- ideal self
- person's view of what she should look like
- Existential dread
- recognition that life has no absolute value and meaning; we all face death
- Idiographic approach
- principles that can only by applied to understand single individual
- Nomothetic approach
- General laws about personality that can be applied to all
- Criticism
- 80%of first criticisms come from wives
- Contempt
- Wife's more important
- Defensiveness
- Husband's more important
- Stonewalling
- 85% are men
- Emotional flooding and neg. sentiment override
- Overrides all positive things
- Failed repair attempts
- try to repair negativity but it doesn't work
- Bad memories
- rewriting history
- Volatiles
- high negativity by no Horsemen; talk past eachother(no resolution); negativity balanced by passion and humor
- Minimizers
- exact opposite of volatiles; avoid conflict; agree to disagree; low passion and humor
- Validators
- disagree but try to understand eachother; high intimacy; moderate passion
- For couples that do not divorce, what is the ration of pos. interations to neg. interactions?
- 5:1