edpy442 ch8
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- 4 variables that determine growth and change in counseling
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1. counselor
2. client
3. setting
4. theoretical orientation - dream anaylsis
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-dreams-royal road to the unconsious
-counselor focuses on 2 aspects:
1.manifest content(obvious meaning)
2.latent content(hidden but true meaning)
- 4 categories of couseling approaches
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1. cognitive
2. affective
3. behavioral
4. pyschanalytic - counseling began
- person to person relationship
- Freud & Adler-similarities
- emphasis on early experiences in childhood
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free association
(birth of psychoanalysis) - used to explore unconscious minds of patients, material uncovered was interpreted and analysed.
- Freud initially used
- hypnosis, he was not good at it and found success depended on the relationship established during treatment
- freud & adler-differences
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Freud-sexuality, instict & unconscious
Adler-social life, purposeful goals & conscious experiences - Wednesday Psychological society:
- met at freud's home to discuss persoanlity theory, eventually known as viennese psychoanalytis society
- repression
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-most basic defense
-ego involuntarily excludes from consious any unwanted or painful thoughts, feelings, memories or impulses -
Heinz Kohut- object relations thoery
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-object is anything that satisfies a need
-challenge is to learn to negotiate with the world without trading fundamental needs - defense mechanism
- protect a person from being overwhelmed by anxiety through adaptation to situations
- Erikson
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-focuses on achievement of specific life enhancing tasks
-8 stages to progress through in life - projection
- -projects an unwanted emotion or characteristic to someone else
- freud-human nature could be explained in terms of:
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1.conscious mind-events in present
2.preconsious mind-between conscious and unconscious and contains aspects of both, hidden memories that can be remembered if person is given cues
3.unconcious mind-most powerful & least understood, instinctual, repressed &powerful forces of personality are here - reaction formation
- -anxiety prodcuing thoughts, feelings or impulses are repressed & their opposites expressed
- displacement
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-energy away from one object to an alternative
ex.bad day at work, yell at wife - sublimination
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-positive form of displacement
-drive that cannot be expressed directly is channeled into constructive activities - rationalization
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-finds reasonable explanations for unreasonable behaviors
- Regression
- -person returns to an earlier stage of dev.
- Adler-birth order
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1.firstborn-socialized to conform, achieve, behave & please
2.secondborn- more outgoing, carefree & creative
3.middle-feel treated unfair
4.youngest-lots of attention, may become spoiled
5.only child-like oldest, lots of attention, high achievers -
Freud-personality consists of 3 parts
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1.Id-unconscious
2.Ego-mostly conscious, some uncounscious & preconscious
3.Superego-unconsious - denial
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-not consciously acknowledging an unpleasant or traumatic event
-protects people form facing pain - analysis of resistance
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resistance-not showing up, not booking appointments, being late
-counselor analysis can allow to client to gain insight into resistant behavior as well as other behaviors - Adler
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-people motivated by social interest
-consious aspects of behavior, key to personality
-behavior is goal directed & purposeful
-theory name "individual psychology" - ID
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-present from birth
-pleasure principle:amoral, irrational, impulsive
-operates through drives, instincts & images (primary process)
-contains energy for life(eros) & death instincts (thanatos)
- Ego
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-moderates the wishes of the id & superego
-called "executive of the mind" because it keeps the id under control
-reality principle:reality being what exists
-secondary process:rational thinking
- Adler- emphasis
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1.striving for perfection
2.inferiority complex
3.superiority complex - identification
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-person incorporates the qualities of another
-can help a person solve problems - Adler- each person creates a style if life by age
- 5
- stages of psychosexual dev.
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1. oral: mouth is pleasrue zone
2. anal: withholding or eliminating feces
3. phallic: resolve sexual identities (oedipus & electra complex)
4. latency: little interest in sexuality. interest to peer avtivities & mastery in cognitive learning & physical skills
5. genital: interest in other gender - Adlerian counselors
- try to assess why clients are oriented to a certain way of thinking an behaving
- Superego
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-moral branch of the mind
-uses mechanism called ego ideal:rewards those who follow what parents & society have taught, induces guilt to those who don't
- main goal of psychoanalysis
- personal adjustments, usually inducing a reorganization of internal forces within the person
- role of psychoanalytic counselor
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-encourage talk about whatever comes to mind, mostly childhood experiences
-client lies on couch with anaylst out of view
-encourage counselor to interpret client
-projective tests are used
-always use diagnostic labels to classify clients - goals of Adlerian counseling
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1.help people develop healthy, holistic lived
2.overcome feelings or inferiority
3.cultivate social interest - Interpretation
- -counselor helps the client understand the meaning of past and present personal events
- 8. push button
- clients realize they hve choices about what stimuli in their lives they want to pay attention to
- 2. asking "the question"
- "what would be different if you were well?"
- 5. spitting in the slient's soup
- counselor points out certain behaviors to clients an thus ruins the payoff for the behavior
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techniques:
1.confrontation - counselor encourages client to consider their own private logic
- free association
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-relax and recall early childhood memories or emotional experiences even if they seem silly or irrational
-id speaks, ego remains silent - 4.acting "as if"
- acting as if they are the person they want to be
- 3.encouragement
- key to making productive lifestyle choices
- 7. task setting
- initially sets short range, attainable goals then long term, realistic objectives
- 6. catching oneself
- client learns to become aware of destructive behaviors or thoughts
- psychoanalysis weaknesses
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1.time consuming & expensive
2.can't use for older than 50
3.claimed by psychiatry
4.concepts not easily communicated
5.deterministic-certain limitations in women were a result of gender
- good things about adlerian theory
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-egalitarian atmosphere
-versatile over a life span
-useful to many DSM disorders
-can be used in dirrerent cultural contexts - transference
- -client responds to a counselor as though the counselor were some significant figure in the clients past