Biology Final Unit 4
Terms
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- Passive transport
- the process of molecules moving in and out of a cell in a way that helps that cell reach equilibrium. Requires no energy.
- Active transport
- the process of molecules moving in and out of a cell in a way that is the opposite of reaching equilibrium. Requires energy.
- Diffusion
- the general process of the spreading of matter throughout a substance or in and out of a cell until equilibrium is reached
- Facilitated diffusion
- a form of passive transport where molecules are carried through the cell membrane by a transport protein
- Endocytosis
- the process of a cell absorbing material through the cell membrane. Most of the substances are polar molecules so can’t get through phospholipid bilayer and must go through a protein channel. Creates a vesicle to transport the molecule through cell
- Exocytosis
- the process of cells exporting unwanted material out of the cell
- Phagocytosis
- the process of engulfing necessary or useful materials through the cell membrane
- Pinocytosis
- the intake of liquid materials in the cell
- Vesicle
- a small and enclosed compartment within the cell used for storing and transporting materials
- DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid. Contains genetic code and info to build proteins. Double helix located in nucleus.
- Adenine
- nitrogenous base in DNA. Paired with Thymine or mRNA’s Uracil
- Thymine
- nitrogenous base in DNA. Paired with Adenine.
- Guanine
- nitrogenous base in DNA. Paired with Cytosine.
- Cytosine
- nitrogenous base in DNA. Paired with Guanine.
- Base pairing rule
- adenine and thymine and Guanine and cytosine are paired up in DNA’s double helix
- Hydrogen bond
- Weak bond which holds nitrogenous bases together. Easily broken – good because mRNA can break them and perform transcription
- Double helix
- shape of DNA like two twirling strands of anything
- Transcription
- the process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
- Translation
- the decoding of an mRNA message into a poly-peptide chain
- Codon
- three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid
- Anticodon
- group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
- Genetic code
- the language of mRNA instructions
- Amino acids
- acids that are brought by tRNA to the ribosome make a polypedtide chain
- Peptide bond
- the bond that attaches amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain
- Polypedtide chain
- a chain of amino acids linked together
- Chromosome
- threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic info that is passed from one generation to the next
- Genes
- sequences of DNA that code for proteins and determine traits of a person
- Nucleotide
- monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
- RNA
- ribonucleic acid; consists of nucleotide monomers; temporary copy of DNA; used in synthesizing of proteins; single-stranded
- mRNA
- messenger RNA; the copy of DNA and carries the info the make the poly peptide chain
- tRNA
- transfer RNA; brings amino acids into robosomes; reads mRNA and builds polypeptide chain w/amino acids
- rRNA
- ribosomal; mRNA sits on it during translation; machinery for making proteins structural component
- RNA polymerase
- an enzyme that binds to DNA/unwinds the double helix/uses one strand of DNA as a template for mRNA/only binds to regions of DNA called promoters that have specific base sequences and tell polymerase where to start and stop the copying process.