COMM 250 Final
Terms
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- Types of problem solving(2)
- collaborative problem solving- when a group consists of people from very diverse backgrounds. Dialogue groups- establish a dialogue from which common ground and mutual trust can emerge.
- Aristotle's proofs(3)
- Logos- (logic of the speech) recognizes that we respond to reason. Pathos-(emotion of the audience) affirms that we can be touched by appeals to personal feelings such as fear, pity, and anger. Ethos-(credibility of the speech) recognizes that we respond to the personal qualities of speakers, to our perceptions of their competence, character, good will, and dynamism.
- Parts of a narrative
- prologue-beginning, plot-reaches some type of climax, and epilogue-reflects on the meaning of the story.
- Ideographs
- these words express a country's basic political values.
- Doublespeak
- words evade the responsibility of talking about the important meanings in a situation or even point in the direction opposite from the reality they should be describing
- Logical fallacies
- slippery slop fallacy, red herring fallacy, ad hominem fallacy, shaky principle fallacy, post hoc fallacy, non sequitur fallacy, straw man fallacy, hasty generalization
- Subordination
- Points on different levels.**When preparing your outline-prepare the body of your speech first!
- Chapter 17 Identification
- good to know interests to establish a common ground
- Denotative
- dictionary definition
- Groupthink
- The uncritical acceptance of a position. Groupthink is most likely to occur when participants place a higher value on harmonious interpersonal interactions than on performing effectively.
- Magnification
- glorify someone like giving a ceremonial speech; being able to over come things
- Empathic listening
- undivided attention, ears, eyes, and heart. The heart in this symbol represents empathic listening**What you do to your friends- put your judgments aside and listen to someone
- Process of persuasion(6)
- awareness, understanding, agreement, enactment, and integration of persuasive material
- Parliamentary procedure
- *call to question-ends discussion and asks for a vote
- Coordination
- Points on the same levels. EX: I., II, III
- Forming topic ideas (media prompts)
- newspapers, magazines, tv, etc.
- Simile
- a variation of metaphor that tips its hand by warning listeners that a comparison is coming; such as like or as
- Types of leadership(4)
- transactional leadership-takes place in an environment based on power relationships and relies on reward and punishment to accomplish its ends. Transformational leadership- appeals to "people's higher levels of motivation to contribute to a cause and add to the quality of life on the planet.";Participative, autocratic, transformational, transactional
- Types of reasoning (3)
- reason from principle- we use such principles to justify our value judgments and our calls to actions. Reasoning from reality- depends either on the speaker's personal experience or on the observations of others.(inductive reasoning) Reasoning from parallel cases- suggests that we can learn how to deal with a problem by considering a similar situation.
- Foreshadowing
- hinting of the meaning of the story that will follow and suggesting its importance.
- Barriers to listening based on situations and speakers
- physical noise, message problems, presentation problems
- Connotative meaning
- emotional meaning
- Amplification
- rephrase ideas to bring them into focus
- Malapropism
- when people often err when using words that sound similar; "he is the very pineapple of politeness," when she meant pinnacle
- Symposium
- features a moderator and certain members of the problem-solving groups as presenters
- Subpoints
- more specific statements that explain and support the main ideas.
- Giving an ethical speech
- cite sources in order to be credible
- Great expectation fallacy
- To hope for a major change on the basis of any single persuasive effort
- Persuasive speech designs(3)
- problem-solution design- first convinces listeners that there is a problem and then shows them how to deal with it. Motivated sequence design- Offers a practical, step-by-step approach when speakers wish to move from the awareness through the enactment phases of the persuasive process in a single speech. Refutative design- appropriate when you need to counter opposing views.
- Enthymemes
- truncated syllogism which means it only has 2 parts - major or minor plus conclusion. (socrates is a man, Socrates is mortal) audience is asked to infer that all men are mortal)
- Characteristics of evidence (4 Rs)
- Relevant, Representative, Recent, Reliable
- Thesis statement
- Similar to specific purpose but full sentence
- Planning for meetings (7)
- have a specific purpose for holding a meeting, prepare an agenda and distribute it to participants before the meeting, keep meetings short, keep groups small, select participants who will interact easily with each other, plan the site of the meeting, and prepare in advance.
- Duties of a Master of Ceremonies
- as the master of ceremonies, you will be expected to keep the program moving along, introduce participants, and possibly present awards
- Improving listening skills
- Evaluating evidence and information, assessing the credibility of sources, analyzing language use, and examining rhetorical strategies
- Critique
- criticism suggests focusing on what someone did wrong; a critique is helpful and supportive, emphasizing strengths as well as weaknesses, showing consideration for the speaker's feelings, and focusing on how a speaker might improve
- Critical listening
- the major goal of the educational process, as well as a sophisticated phase of the listening process.**Trying to make a judgment about something, advocate one way or another
- Dewey's Reflective Thinking(5)
- define the problem, generating potential solutions, evaluating solution options, developing a plan of action, and evaluating the results.
- Award presentations
- Usually have 2 parts- description of the award then why the person is worthy of deserving the award.
- Types of narratives (3)
- master narrative- the entire speech becomes a story that reveals some important truth. Vicarious experience narrative- the speaker invites listeners to imagine themselves enacting the story that is the major business of the speech. Embedded narrative- little stories within it
- Types of persuasive speeches
- problem-solution, refutative pattern
- Principles of presentation aids (4)
- simplicity, visibility, emphasis, balance
- Boomerang effect
- persuade poorly can be more against you before you started the speech
- Culturetypes
- sometimes stated in the form of metaphor, express the values, identity, and goals of a particular group and time.
- Trigger words
- Can evoke either positive or negative reactions; words that set off such powerful emotional reactions that they dominate the meaning of a speech, derail your comprehension, and defeat critical listening
- Discriminative listening
- hearing is the basis; we respond to the sounds of our aural world - most basic form and ability to hear sound, something drops and you hear it; Able to hear a message
- Inoculation effect
- expose listener beforehand so later won't be persuaded
- Persuasion
- the art of gaining fair and favorable consideration for our points of view
- Do's and Don'ts of presentation aids
- Do: practice your speech using Pas, display Pas only when using them, stand to side of PA when using it, point to what is important as you refer to it, maintain eye contact with your audience, limit the number of Pas in your speech, have a backup plan for electronic Pas. Don't: Try to "wing it" using Pas, leave Pas in full view during speech, stand in front of Pas, deliver your speech to your PA, distribute handouts during speech, pass around objects when speaking, talk over sound from Pas.
- Brainstorming
- free associations
- Functions of presentation aids
- give your audience direct sensory contact with your message. ** helps audience remember things you are saying
- Assimilation
- that you see positions similar to your own as being closer to it than they actually are. * Speech about smoking ban and you agree with her.
- Metaphor
- offers a belief, concentrated form of comparison that is implied, unexpected, and sometimes even startling
- Personification
- treats inanimate subjects, such as ideas or institutions, as though they had human form or feeling.
- Marking
- adding a gender, racial, or ethnic reference when none is needed- e.g., "a woman doctor"
- Contrast Effect
- occurs when you see positions different from yours as being more distant than they actually are.
- Cultural gridlock
- problems in communication that arise from profound cultural differences can occur in groups whose participants come from different backgrounds.
- Advantages/disadvantages of presentation aids
- Advantages: enhance understanding, make your presentation memorable, help establish the authenticity, improve your credibility, improve delivery, and add variety and interest. Disadvantage: distract listeners, distract speaker, reduce eye contact, damage credibility if sloppy, take time to prepare, depend on equipment availability
- Focus groups
- typically consist of six to ten members carefully selected to provide the type of information sought. A trained moderator asks questions and encourages all of the participants to respond.
- Phases of finding a topic(3)
- Discovery phase=look for you topic in general; getting ideas, Exploration phase=researching your topic, Refinement phase=*general purpose, specific, thesis
- Group forums
- presentation is much like a panel discussion except that the questions come from the audience rather than from the moderator.
- Types of ceremonial speeches
- speech of tribute- endorses the values of individual responsibility, striving, and achievement. Acceptance- you need to acknowledge an award or honor. Introductions- you must introduce a featured speaker in a program. Inspiration- You want to motivate listeners to appreciate and commit to a goal, purpose, or set of values; this may be religious, commercial, political, or social in nature. After-Dinner- you want to entertain the audience while leaving a message that can guide future behavior. Here, as elsewhere, brevity is golden. Master of ceremonies- you must coordinate a program and see that everything runs smoothly. The master of ceremonies sets the mood for the occasion.
- Alliteration
- repeats the initial sounds in a closely connected pattern of words (sally sells sea shells)
- Mythos
- appeals to the traditions and values of our culture and to the legends and folktales that embody them
- Syllogisms
- (this has 3) major premis, minor premis, conclusion - All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, Socrates is..) << also deductive
- Flow charts
- can show the steps in a process, the hierarchy and accountability in an organization, or the genealogy of a family tree.
- 6 C's of language
- Clarity, color, concreteness, correctness, conciseness, cultural sensitivity
- Barriers to listening based in listeners themselves
- Inattentiveness, Bad Habits, Listening Apprehension, Emotional reactions to words, attitudes
- Enduring metaphor
- they invoke experience that has great meaning and that can bring people together (i.e: contrast of light vs. dark in books)
- Toasts
- a ceremonial speech in miniature, offered as a tribute to people and what they have done, as a blessing for their future, or simply as light hearted enjoyment of the present moment.
- Types of presentation aids
- maps, graphs, charts, *textural graphics = a bulleted list
- Jargon
- technical language, specific to field
- Characteristics of a good topic (3)
- 1: Involve you, 2: Must involve audience, 3: One you can manage
- Deductive reasoning
- general to specific
- Types of evidence(4)
- facts (verifable information), statistics (facts expressed as number), examples(make more concrete), and narratives(stories)
- Speeches of Tribute
- endorses the values of individual responsibility, striving, and achievement.
- Parallel construction
- In parallel construction, successive sentences or phrases follow the same pattern of wording in order to emphasize and idea
- General purpose
- To inform, to persuade, to celebrate
- Specific purpose
- General + more (not sentence): To inform my audience about dogs
- Inductive reasoning
- reasoning from reality is sometimes called inductive, in that it draws general conclusions from a consideration of particular instances
- Developing a formal outline (6)
- 1. identification of speech topic, specific purpose, and thesis statement; 2. separation of speech parts: introduction, body, and conclusion; 3. use of numbering and lettering to display coordination and subordination; 4. wording of main points and subpoints as simple declarative sentences; 5. a title; 6. a list of major sources consulted
- Types of outline
- working (rough) outline, formal outline, keyword outline