Psyc Notes for the 3rd Test

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Most dramatic aspect of sleep. Story-like sequence of visual images that commonly evoke strong emotions.: Dream
Frist person to study dreams formally. Collegue of Edmund Clark Sanford. Article-study= recorded dreams, woke up and wrote them down in the middle of the night. (55 nights): Mary Whiton Calkins
Occur during NREM sleep stages 3 and 4. sit up, fear, scream, rapid pulse and breathing, speak incoherently. Don't usually remember the next morning.: Night Terrors
Devised by Stephen LeBerge. Sleeping individuals learn how to be aware while dreaming and learn how to direct their dreams. Enhanced sense of well being. Helps people with recurrent nightmares to alter aspects of their dreams to make them: Lucid Dreaming
people that are deprived of sleep, sleep as long as they want and show an increase of REM sleep. Indicates that dream sleep, serves certain functions.: REM Rebound Effect
Gives credit to Calkins for anticipating modern approaches to dream research and pioneering intensive study of dreams over nights.: J. Allan Hobson
Lack of congruity between dreams and the waking states of consciousness.: State-dependent memory
Analyzed content of dreams. Supported the idea that people tend to dream about mundane personal matters, usually involving familiar people and places.: Calvin Hall
Dreams Collegues with Mary Whiton Calkins. Study with Calkins- recorded dreams, woke up during the night and worte the dreams down(46 nights): Edmund Clark Sanford
About how many dreams a night? In what half of sleep do more dreams occur?: 4 dreams a night

2nd half of the night
Freud believed that dreams contained what to represent the true meaning.: Symbols
Dreams containg frightening content, Occur when we feel emotionally distressed. Frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep.: Nightmares
Content of dreams can be affected by _______________. Even before calkins this was represented in Herman Melvilles novel Moby Dick when the effect of the captains dreams on the sailors were described. Ex. water sprayed on sleepers- dream conten: Immediate Environmental Stimuli
He provided the first formal view of dreaming as wish fullfillment. Claimed that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious and serve as safe outlets for unconscious sexual or aggressive impulses that we can't act on while awake. Symbol: Sigmund Freud
Content of the dream recalled by the dreamer. This content hides the other type of content.: Manifest Content
Content of the that is its hidden and underlying meaning.: Latent Content
She is a leading dream researcher. Conducted formal studies of the positive role of dreaming in solving practical and emotional problems. Claims that dreaming provides a more creative approach to problem solving because its freer and less con: Rosalind Cartwright
Which type of sleep is more beneficial to memory? REM or NREM.: REM
The more REM sleep that we have a night, the better our memory for material that we learned the day before will be.
Created by J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley. Holds that dreams are the by-products of the cortex's attempt to make sense of activity generated by the brainstem during REM sleep. The cortex interprets brain activation and synthesizes it into a dre: Activation-synthesis theory
No dream theory has been found to be superior at explaining the functions of dreams. What is the major difficulty in dream research?: The same dream can be explained equally well by different theories.
Calkins findings include what 8 things?: We dream every night.
We have about 4 dreams a
night.
As the night progresses, we
are more likely to be
dreaming.
Most dreams are mundane and
refer to recent life
events.
Dreams can incorporate
external stimuli.
What Calkins called "real
thinking" occurs during
sleep.
We can reason while dreaming
and even, to an extent,
control our dreams.
Dreams can disguise their
true meaning.
Positive correlation between dreamig and what? No evidence that dreaming caused what?: Emotional Adjustment

Better Emotional Adjustment
A motivated state, varying in its intensity and pleasantness- unpleasantness, marked by physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and cognitive experience. Comes from the Latin word meaning "to: Emotion
Emotional expression and Emotional experience depend on physiological arousal which reflects activity in the ________ nervous system This nervous system is called "_______" because it functions ind: Autonomic nervous system

Autonomic
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system? The interplay of these two systems contributes to the ebb and flow of emotions.: Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous
System
Sympathetic Nervous System relies on the neurotransmitter __________ to regulate its target organs? Parasympathetic nervous system relies on the neurotransmitter _________ to regulate it target organs: Norepinephrine

Acetylcholine
Activation of the Sympathetic nervous system can stimulate the ___________ response. This response evoled because it enabled our ancestors to meet sudden physical threats by either confronting them or running a: Fight-or-flight response
Measurement of changes in autonomic nerouvs system activity is the basis for what test? Typically measures breathing patterns, heart rate, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity(amount of sweating) U: Polygraph Test
Modern lie detection began in the 1890s with the work of ___________. Italian criminologist who questioned suspect while recording their heart rate and blood pressure. Assumed that if they showed marked fl: Cesare Lombroso
Current polygraph test is the direct descendant of research conducted in the 1920s by _________________, the creator of the comic book character Wonder Woman: William Martson
Given in the typical polygraph test Designed to promote lying about minor transgressions common to almost everyone: Control Questions
Compared with suspects physiological response to control questions Concerned with facts about the crime: Relevant Questions
Greater physiological arousal in response to relevant questions Greater physiological arousal in response to control questions: Guilty

Innocent
Accuracy of the polygraph depends on ____________?: Suspects physiological reactivity
People with low or high reactivity show a smaller difference between responses to control questions and relevant questions: Low
Techniques used to trick the lie detector (there is 2): Antianxiety drugs

Properly timed pain (bite
tounge or tack in shoe).
This increases the level of
physiological arousal in
response to control
questions which reduces the
difference between
physiological response to
control and relevant
questions
Test that is a possible improvement over the polygraph test. Developed by Davis Lykken Board game Clue Assesses knowledge about a transgression rather than the alleged anxiety about it: Guilty Knowledge Test
Guilty Knowledge Test assumes that a guilty person will show more physiological arousal in rsponse to relevant words or irrelevant words. Greater physiological reactivity to relevant words in a series of: Relevant

Guilty
The Guilty Knowledge Test has an abilty to avoid ________ _______.: False Positives
Guilty Knowledge Test is biased towards____________. Control-Question tests are biased towards____________.: False Negatives

False Positives
The _________ is ultimately in control of emotional response: Brain
The _________ regulates the arousal of the autonomic nervous system.: Hypothalamus
The limbic system includes three main components.: Hypothalamus,Amygdala, and
the hippocampus.
Prompts us to react emotionally to different environmental circumstances. Enables us to respond to adaptively and to form memories of those situations to help us respond adaptively in the future. Recogni: Amygdala
The ______ lobes of the cerebral cortex may inhibit emotional responses produced by the amygdala so they are not excessive.: Frontal
The interaction of the ______ and the ________regulate the intensity of emotional responses.: Amygdala and Frontal Lobes
The left or right hemisphere is more active when trying to assess emotional states from facial expressions. This hemisphere also plays a greater role in regulating facial expressions of emotion: Right Hemisphere
The ______ hemisphere is more involved in positive emotions. The ______ hemisphere is more involved in negative emotions.: Left

Right
Him and his colleagues conducted studies to learn about the role of each hemisphere in emotional experience. Measured the relative degree of activity in each hemisphere during emotional arousal.: Richard Davidson
Involves selective anesthesia of one cerebral hemisphere to determine hemisphere functions(mainly the site of the speech center). Provided evidence of the laterization of emotionality Anesthetic sodium a: The Wada Test
Cartoid arteries supply _____ to the brain. When injected during the Wada test, the hemisphere is anesthetized.: Blood
During the Wada Test,Positive emotionality are more frequent after _______- hemisphere anesthesia. Negative Emotionality is more frequent after ______- hemisphere anesthesia.: Right- hemisphere

Left- hemisphere
Emtional responses depend on chemistry. _________ and __________________ convey emotion-related impulses from one neuron to another or between neurons and body organs.: Hormones and Neurotransmitters
Stressful situations cause the secreation of the neurotransmitters __________ and _______________.: Epinephrine and Norephinephrine
Stress hormones stimulate an increase in low-density lipoproteins and provide one of the mechanisms by which emotional responses to stressful situations contribute to the development of ____________ di: Cardiovascular
A class of neurotransmitters Contribute to emotional experiences by providing pain relief and evoking feelings of euphoria.: Endorphins
A drug that blocks the effect of endorphins: Naloxone
Neither group in an experiment know which subjects are receiving which part of the experiment Prevented participant bias or experimenter bias from affecting the results: Double-Blind Procedure
_________ ________ and ______ __________ are behaviors that express emotion.: Vocal Qualities and Facial
Expressions
The vocal features of speech other than the words themselves are called ____________. Factors of this include rate, pitsh, and loudness. These factors are primarily associated with activity in the right: Prosody
The ______ hemisphere provides the words and the _______ hemisphere plays accompaniment, emotional tone,.: Left Hemisphere

Right Hemisphere
He stated that our faces give away our emotions: Philip D. Chesterfield
Sincere smile that includes muscular activity around the eyes, causes the skin to wrinkle, and around the mouth, causing the corners of the lips to rise,.: Duchenne Smile
He believed that facial expressions evolved because they promoted survival by communicating emotions and helping individuals distinguish friend from foe: Charles Darwin
Researchers consider ________ as the subjective well being and the highest good: Happiness
Two most important factors in happiness: State of Health

One's Personality
Happiness is especially related to ___________ _________, which is being outgoing but not out of control: Stable Extraversion
Felt that people always want to be happier than others but it is hard because we believe that others are happier than they actually are: Charles Montesquieu
This theory considers happiness to be the result of estimating that one's life circumstances are more favorable than those of others One of the most influential theories of happiness Includes Montesquieu: Social-Comparison Theory
Happiness Researcher Found that wealthier Americans are no happier than nonwealthy Americans given that the nonwealthy people have the basic necessities of life: Edward Diener
This theory holds that happiness depends not on comparing yourself to others but comparing yourself to yourself. Present circumstances compared to past circumstances: Adaption-level theory
This theory of emotion holds that our facial expressions affect our emotional experiences. Eotional Experience is caused by the perception of physiological changes. Inspired by the James-Lange theory: Facial-feedback theory
Theory that deals with adopting a facial expression characteristic of a particular emotion, which can induce that emotion Primarily concerned with the effects of autonomic nervous system activity on emotion: James-Lange Theory
Descendant of the facial- feedback theory Assumes that changes in facial expressions affects the volume of air flow through the nose, which alters brain temperature and influences emotional states. Assumes: Vascular Theory
He leads most contemporary facial-feedback theorists Assumes that evolution has endowed us with facial expressions that provide different patterns of sensory feedback of muscle tension levels to the brain,: Paul Ekman
Support for the vascular theory has come from studies that have found emotional experiences follow _________ _________ rather than precede them, and that sensory neurons convey information from facial: Facial Expressions
Neurologist Involved in book- The Man Who Mistook His Wife for A Hat Book included a case study in which a man(Dr.P)tried to take off his wife's head and put it on like a hat. He tries to express the extrao: Oliver Sacks
The individual can see objects and identify their features but cannot recognize them: Visual Agnosia
This is a form of Visual Agnosia Can identify details of faces but cannot recognize them as a whole Caused by damage to the association cortex running along the underside of the occipital and temporal lo: Prosopagnosia
The process that detects stimuli from the environment Visual agnosia and prosopagnosia illustrate the difference between this and perception.: Sensation
The process that organizes sensations into meaningful wholes: Perception
Starting point for both sensation and perception A form of energy ( such as light or sound waves) that can affect sensory organs (such as the eyes or the ears): Stimulus
Specialized cells that the process of sensation depends on. Detect stimuli and convert their energy into neural impulses. Serve our visual, auditory, smell, tatse, skin, and body senses: Sensory Receptors
The process of sensory receptors detecting stimuli and converting it their energy into neural impulses: Sensory Transduction
The study of the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the corresponding psychological responses to them Percieve things like slipperiness of floor tiles, gender differences i: Psychophysics
They developed psychophysics 1)published Elements of Psychophysics studied the relationship between physical stimulation and mental experience 2)Used fine bristles to measure touch sensitivity by be: 1)Gustav Fechner

2)Ernest Weber
The minimum amount of stimulation that a person can detect is called the __________, or limen: Absolute Threshold
Absolute threshold for a particular sensory experience varies, psychologists operationally define the absolute threshold as the minimum level of stimulation that can be detected ___ percent of the tim: 50
Investigates whether participants can unconciously perceive stimuli that do not exceed the absolute threshold: Subliminal Perception
Subliminal Stimulation is
stimulation that does not
exceed the absolute
threshold
Subliminal Stimulation that became part of the 2000 U.S. Presidential election Democrats complained that Republicans had superimposed the subliminal message _____ over a TV advertisement attacking Al Gore's Medi: RATS
The superimposing of a soundtrack backwards over a forward one. Expressed in response to John Travolta's movie Phenomenon when 2 radio jockeys claimed that the movie was filled with subliminal messages: Backmasking
Dont confuse subliminal stimulation with subliminal ___________ No evidence that people will obey what they hear through subliminal messages: Perception
Minimum amount of change in a stimulation that can be detected is called the ___________ ______________ The threshold varies so it is defined as the minimum change in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent: Difference Threshold
What Weber and Fechner refered to the difference threshold as: Just Noticeable Difference
(jnd)
Law that express that the amount of change in intensity of stimulation needed to produce a jnd is a constant fraction of the original stimulus Holds better for stimuli of moderate intensity than for stim: Weber's law
Tendency of sensory receptors to respond less and less to an unchanging stimulus Lets us detect potentially important changes in our environment while ignoring unchanging aspects of it: Sensory Adaptation
The possibility of perception independent of sensory receptors: Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
The field that studies ESP and related phenomena: Parapsychology
(para means beside)
Parapsychological abilities are typically called ___________ Expressed in a lawsuit in which a women sued a hospital claiming that a CT scan made her lose her ESP abilities: paranormal
The alleged ability to percieve the thoughts of others Represent when the Greatful Dead Rock group had their audience try to send mental images to a sleeper in a dream lab: Mental Telepathy
Alleged ability to percieve objects or events without any sensory contact Related to mental telepathy Amazing Kreskin: Clairvoyance
Alleged ability to perceive events in the future Parapsychologists that believe this are left with the scientific problem of explaining how minds that exist in the present can perceive events that take p: Precognition
An uncanny feeling that you have experienced a present situation in the past and that you can anticipate what will happen in the next few moments: Deja vu
Alleged ability to control objetcs with the mind alone Closely allied with ESP: Psychokinesis
He is given credit for making paraphyschology a legitimate area of scientific research Began a program of experimentation on paranormal phenomena on the 1930s: J.B. Rhine
She was a leading parapsychologist Notes that experimenter bias might account for the poor perofrmance of some participants in ESP or PK studies. Insists experimenters who are cynical about ESP or PK: Gertrude Schmeidler
What is the main weakness of research studies on paranormal abilities? A final criticism of parapsychology is that there is ___ __________ __________ ___ _____________ _________.: The difficulty in replicating
them

No satisfactory explanation
of paranormal phenomena
Research studies conducted during periods of low __________ activity have been associated with the most positive ESP research findings: Geomagnetic
Parapsychologists remind psychologists to be _______ rather than cynical, because many phenomena that are now scientifically acceptable were once considered impossible and unworthy of study.: Skeptical
The sense of _________, or audition, helps us function by informing us about the objects at a distance from us Informs us about objects we cannot see because they are behind us, hidden by darkness, or: Hearing
_______ is produced by vibrations carried by air, water, or other mediums. It requires a medium in which to travel so it cannot travel in a vaccum: Sound
Sound _________ create a successive bunching and spreading of molecules in the sound medium A series of these bunching- spreading cycles forms a sound wave: Vibrations
The height of a sound wave is its ______________.: Amplitude
The number of sound-wave cycles that pass a given point in a second is its ______________.: Frequency
Sound wave frequency is measured in __________. Named for the 19th century German physicist Heinrich Hertz: Hertz
Sound waves are sensed and perceived by the ___________ __________, which begins at the ear.: auditory system
The ear is divded into 3 parts: Outer Ear, Middle Ear, Inner
Ear
The oddly shped flap of skin cartilage that we commonly call the ear Included in the outer ear Plays a small role in human hearing Some animals have moveable ones that allow them to detect and locate fai: Pinna
Better known as the eardrum Sound waves are gathered by the pinna and then pass through the EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL and reach the __________ ____________ Sound waves make the eardrum vibrate: Typanic membrane
The eardrum seperates the outer ear from the _______ ear: middle
Vibrations of the eardrum are conveyed to the bones, or ________, of the middle ear These are 3 tiny bones connected to one another by ligaments They are named with Latin names that reflect their shapes:: ossicles
Tubes that connect the middle ear to the back of the throat Permit air to enter the middle ear to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum: Eustachian tubes
Vibrations of the stapes are conveyed to the _____ ______ of the inner ear. A membrane in the wall of a spiral structure called the cochlea(from the Greek word snail): oval window
A spiral structure that contains the oval window Comes from the Greek word meaning snail Vibrations of the oval window send waves through a fluid-filled chamber that runs the lenth of this: Cochlea
Also runs the length of the cochlea Set in motion by the waves that the vibrations of the oval window send through the fluid-filled chamber along the cochlea The movement of this membrane causes the bendi: Basilar Membrane
The bending of hair cells triggers impulses that travel along the axons of the nuerons that form the __________ ___________.: Auditory Nerve
After auditory impulses reach the thalamus and some processing is done they are relayed to the ________ _________ of the temporal lobes of the brain,the ultimate site of sound perception: Auditory Cortex
The basilar membrane is known as the proximal or distal stimulus and the source is known as the proximal or distal stimulus: Proximal

Distal
Your ability to percieve _______ depends on pitch perception, loudness perception, timbre perception, and sound localization: ability to percieve sounds
The _______ of a sound is the main determinant of its perceived pitch: frequency
People with _________ _______ can identify and produce tones pf a specific pitch: absolute pitch
Theory which assumes that particular points on the basilar membrane vibrate maximumly in response to sound waves of particular frequencies Explains frequencies around 1000 Hz Put forth by Herman von: place theory
He won a Nobel Prize in 1961 for his research on the place theory Took cochleas from the ears of guinea pigs and human cadavers, stimulated the oval window and noted the response of the basilar membrane: Georg von Bekesy
Assumes that the basilar membrane vibrates as a whole in direct proportion to the frequency of the sound waves striking the eardrum Nuerons of the auditory system fire at the same frequency as the vibrations: Frequency Theory
Theory created by Ernest Weber that explains pitch perception between 1000 Hz and 5000 Ht Assumes that sound waves in this range induce certain groups of auditory neurons to fire in volleys Best explains: Volley Theory
Sounds vary in intensity, or _________,. Depends mainly on the amplitude of its sound waves Loudness perception depends on both the number and the firing thresholds of hair cells on the basilar membrane: Loudness
The unit of sound intensity is the _______ One tenth of a Bel, a unit named for Alexander Graham Bell Faintest detectable sound has an absolute threshold of 0 dB. For each change of 10 decibels the perceived loud: decibel(dB)
Type of deafness where there is a mechanical problem in the outer of middle ear that interferes with hearing: Conduction Deafness
A problem of the inner ear. The basilar membrane, the auditory nerve, or the auditory cortex is damaged People typically lose their ability to perceive sounds of ceratin frequencies: Nerve Deafness
Provide electronic stimulation of the neurons leaving the basilar membrane,promise to restore at least rudimentary hearing in people with nerve deafness: Cochlear Implants
The quality of sound, which reflects a particular mixture of sound waves Lets us identify the source of a sound Also allows us to evalute the relative quality of sounds: Timbre
Involves discerning where sounds are comming from The brain can determine the location of sound because the auditory cortex has that respond to these difference in intensity and arrival time: Sound Localization
Sense of ______, or olfaction warns us of danger Can alter our mood: smell
Attempts to use different fregrances to enhance cognitive abilities or psychological well-being Goes with the idea that odors can affect our mood Alerting aroma- rosemary Relaxing aroma-lavender: Aromatherapy
Ability to smell odors- how do we smell?: Molecules carried in inhaled
air stimulate smell receptor
cells on the olfactory
epithelium high up in the
nassal passage.
These molecules alter the
resting potential and
firing frequency of receptor
cells, stimulating some and
inhibiting others
Patterns in firing receptor
cells evoke certain odors
Nueral impulses from the receptor cells travel along the short ________ nerves to the fromtal lobes of the brain: Olfactory
_____ is the only sense that is not first processed in the thalamus before being processed in other olfactory centers in the brain: Smell
The limbic system is important in the experience of emotion recieves many _______ connections from the olfactory nerves: nueral
All other odors are a mixture of these basic odors Ethereal(dry-cleaning fluid), Camphoraceous(mothballs), Musky(musk cologne), Floral (roses), Pepperminty (peppermint candy), Pungent (vinegar), Putrid(rotten: 7 Recognized odors
Theory that beleives that smell receptors responsive to particular odors are sensitive to molecules of specific sizes, shapes, or electrical charges: Stereochemical Theory of
smell
She is a leading olfactory researcher Found that regaurdless of the exact machanisms by which this occurs, olfaction depends on stimulation of different receptors, composed of proteins, on the olfactory: Linda Bartoshuk
Secretions called _________, are studied to determine the effects of them on sexual behavior of animals For example, apphrodisin- a vaginal pheromone released by female hamsters and inhaled by male hamsters: pheromones
Gustation,or ________, protects us from harm by preventing us from ingesting poisons and enhances our enjoyment of life by letting us savor food and beverages.: taste
What taste and taste sensitivity depend on Line the grooves between bumps called papillae on the surface of the tounge Conatin receptor cells that send neural impulses when stimulated by molecules dissol: taste buds
Arab scientist that proposed that there were 4 basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter: Avicenna
Tested Avicenna's ideas by testing the sensitivity of the papillae by applying a variety of chemicals to different papillae: Hijalmar Ohrwall
____ of tongue = sweet/salty _____ of tongue = sour/salty _____ of tongue = bitter: tip
sides
back
Gustation depends on the ____ and ______ of molecules that stimulate the taste receptors: shape and size
The pleasureable taste elicited by monosodium glutamate Taste receptors that are sensitive to the presence of particular nutrients like fatsare also sensitive to this: Umami
Taste depends on sensations from the mouth, ________ relies on both taste and smell, as well as on texture, temperature, and even pain: flavor
Condition in which a person loses their sense of smell because of disease or brain damage: Anosmia
_____ Senses are senses such as touch, temperature, and pain. We use these to identify objects, communicate feelings, and protect us from injury Skin sensations are determined by the stimulation: Skin Senses
Nueral impulses from the skin receptors reach the thalamus, which relays them to the _____________ cortex of the brain The more sensitive the area of skin is the larger its representation on this cortex: Somatosensory
Your sense of _______, allows you to identify objects rapidly and accurately This type of sensitivity depends on the concentration of receptors: Touch
Invented the Braille system for reading and writing, which uses patterns of raised dots to represent letters: Louis Braille
The sense of _______, or nociception, proects us from injury or death Induced by an injury or intense stimulation of sensory receptors: Pain
The main pain receptors (or nociceptors) are ______ ______ _________ in the skin Two kinds of nueronal fibers trasmit pain impulses: A- delta fibers and C fibers: free nerve endings

A-delta= carry sharp or
pricking pain
C fibers= carry dull or
burning pain
Substance implicated in pain A chemical that accumulates at the site of an injury or inflammation Asprin relieves pain by inhibiting the release of this: bradykinin
Important pain-processing center and pathways to the limbic system which may affect amotional responses to pain: periaqueductal gray
Pain receptor nuerons transmit pain impulses by releasing the neurotransmitter ________ __ from their axons: Sustance P
Most influential theory of pain Formulated by psychologist Ronald Melzack and biologist Patrick Wall Assumes that pain impulses from the limbs or body pass through a part of the spinal cord that provides a: gate-control theory
Cloding of the pain gate is stimulated by the secretion of __________which are the brains natural opiates May inhibit the secretion of substance P: Endorphins
Reinterpretation of pain can reduce or increase its intensity Shown by the Anzio effect Pain may have been reduced by the nueral impulses sent from the brain to the spinal cord, closing the pain gate: reduce
Most popular approach to pain relief is on drugs such as ___________, which affects endorphin receptors in the in the brain: Morphine
_________, or sugar pills that are substituted for pain relieving drugs, can relieve pain: placebo
Type of pain relief that relies on inserting fine needles into the various sites on the body: acupuncture
A drug that blocks the effects of opiates and inhibits the analgesic effects of acupuncture Blocks impulses at the pain gate in the spinal cord: Naloxone
Technique for pain relief relies on ______________ _______________ ______ ____________( ) Involves electrical stimulation of sites on the body: Transcutaneous Electrical
Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
One of the only types of pain relief that does not work by stimulating the release of endorphins Sends neural impulses that block pain impulses at the spinal cord or by reducing attention to pain sensations: Hypnosis
_______ senses tell you the position of your limbs and and help you maintain equilibrium: Body
The 2 body senses are
Kinesthetic Sense and the
Vesztibular Sense
The kinesthetic sense informs you of the position of your joints, the tension in your muscles, and the movement of your arms and legs: Kinesthetic sense
Vestibular sense depend on organs in the inner ear Informs you of your head's position in space, helping you maintain your balance and orientation Conatin 2 types of organs otolith organs-detect acceler: Vestibular Organs

otolith and semicircular
organs
bending of hair cells triggers nueral impulses that are relayed to the cerebellum, which helps you maintain your _____________: Balance
Compensates for rotary head movements by moving the eyes a proportionate amount in the opposite direction Aids the semicircular canal in allowing you to keep your eyes _______ ____ __ _______: Fixed on a target
Induced by conflict between visual and vestibular sensations Reduced by a sense of control: Motion Sickness
Devised the earliest drug treatments for motion sickness Found a drug that inhibited the motion sickness sometimes: Wilder Penfield
Lets us sense objects by the light reflected from them into our eyes: Vision
Light is the common name for the ________ ___________, a narrow band of energy within the electromagnetic spectrum: Visible Spectrum
Wavelength of light corresponds to its ____, the perceptual quality that we call color: Hue
The distance between two wave peaks Measured in nanometers (billionths of a meter): Wavelength
Light composed of short wavelengths: light appears what color Light composed of long wavelengths: light appears what color: Violet

Red
Relatively short wavelengths Affects human beings mainly by causing sunburn: ultraviolet light
Relatively long wavelengths Conveys heat: Infrared light
In the visible spectrum, the height, or ___________, of light waves determines the perceived intesity, or ___________, of a light: Amplitude

Brightness
Purity of a light's wavelength determines its __________, or vividness: Saturation
Narrower the range of
wavelengths, the more
saturated the light.
Vision depends on the interaction of the eyes and the brain Eyes sense light reflected from objects and convey this information to the brain, where visual __________ takes place: perception
Tough membrane of the eye Protects the eye from injury: sclera
At the front of the sclera The round, transparent ______ Focuses light into the eye: Cornea
Determines eye color Donut-shaped band of muscles behind the cornea Controls the amount of light that enters the eye by regulating the size of the pupil Dialates the eye to let in more light and constricti: Iris
Opening at the center of the iris Regulates the amount of light the enters the idea: Pupils
After passing through the pupil light is focused by the _____ onto the retina, the light sensitive inner membrane of the eye.: Lens
Tiny muscles connected to the lens control ______________, The process by which the lens increases its curvature to focus light from close objects or decreases its curvature to focus light for more distant objec: accommodation
Image on the retina is cast ________ _________ Leonardo da Vinci rejected this possibility Nueral pathways in the brain "flip" the image to make it appear right side up: upside down
Most common conditions that make people unable to focus clear images on the retina Myopia and Hyperopia: Myopia:nearsightedness
lens focuses images of
near objects on the
retina, but focuses
images of far objects
at a point in front of
the retina
Hyperopia:farsightedness, the
lens focuses images
of far objects on
the retina, but
focuses images of
near objects at a
point that would
fall behind the
retina
Cells in the retina that respond when stimulated by light 2 types of these-rods and cones: photoreceptors
Each eye has about 120
million rods and 6 million
cones
Rods and Cones stimulate _________ cells which in turn stimulate ganglion cells: Bipolar
Formed by the axons of the ganglion cells Convey visual information to the brain: Optic Nerves
Rods are important to night vision and peripheral vision Periphery of the retina Cones are very important in color vision and detailed vision Prevalent in the center: Depend on different pathways
in the brain
Small area in the center of the retina Conatins only cones Provides most acute vision Each cone transmits nueral impulses to one bipolar cell: Fovea
Differ in visual acuity
because they vary in the
number of foveal cones
Blood vessels on the eye Alcohol and marijuana makes eyes red: Choroid
Area of the retina that feeds input to a ganglion cell: receptor field
Some ganglion cells increase
their activity when light
strikes inside the relevant
receptor field and reduce
their activity when light
strikes outside it
He demonstrated the existence of the blind spot, the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. Blind spots contain no rods or cones: Edme Mariotte
Optic nerves travel under the frontal lobes of the brain and meet at a point called the ________ __________ At this point axons from the half of each optic nerve toward the nose cross to the opposite side of the: The optic chiasm
Place where most axons of the optic nerves go This transmits information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobes: Thalamus
Retinal objects in the ______ visual field is processed in the left occipetal lobe, and retinal information about objects in the _____ visual field is processed in the right occipital lobe: Right

Left
Stimulation of electrodes attached to the visual cortex produces a pattern of spots of light called __________ Can be used to represent the outlines of objetcs seen by cameras: phosphenes

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