Tumors 2
Terms
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- hst-1 & int-2
- ca of stomach, breast, bladder, melanoma - via overexpression of fibroblast growth factors
- sis
- astrocytoma via overexpression of PDGF
- erb-B1
- SCC of lung via overexpression of GFR
- erb-B2
- breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas (oncogene)
- erb-B3
- breast ca via overexpression of EGFR
- ret
- MEN II & III (oncogene)
- abl
- CML (oncogene)
- Ki-ras
- lung, pancreas, colon ca via point mutation in GTP binding protein
- c-myc
- Burkitt's lymphoma (oncogene)
- L-myc
- Lung tumor (oncogene)
- N-myc
- neuroblastoma (oncogene)
- cyclin D
- mantle cell lymphoma via t(11:14) cyclin protein
- CDK4
- melanoma, GBM via amplification of cylin dependent kinase
- what does p53 do?
- prevents a DNA damaged cell from entering S-phase
- what does Rb do?
- prevents a cell from entering S-phase until the appropriate growth signals are present.
- Germ line mutation of Rb on ch. 13
- familial retinoblastoma: high rate of retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma
- Germ line mutation of p53 on ch. 17
- Li-Fraumini syndrome: high rate of many tumors
- VHL
- 3p25: von Hippel Lindau dx, renal cell carcinoma
- WT-1
- 11p13: wilms tumor
- WT-2
- 11p15: wilms tumor
- Rb
- 13q; retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma (tumor suppressor)
- p53
- 17p; most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome (tumor suppressor)
- BRCA-1
- 17q12-21: hereditary breast and ovarian ca
- BRCA-2
- 13q12-13: hereditary breast cancer (only breast)
- APC
- 5q; colorectal cancer (tumor suppressor)
- DCC
- 18q; colon cancer (tumor suppressor)
- NF-1
- 17q11.2: neurofibroma
- NF-2
- 22q12: acoustic neuroma, meningioma
- DPC
- 18q; pancreatic cancer (tumor suppressor)
- what does bcl-2 do?
- prevents apoptosis
- t(14:18)
- follicular lymphoma - bcl2:Ig heavy chain = overexpression of bcl-2 (no apoptosis)
- what do bax, bad, bcl-xS, and bid do?
- promote apoptosis
- what does c-myc do?
- promotes cellular proliferation, leads to apoptosis when associated with p53 but inhibits apoptosis when associated with bcl-2
- a tumor with keratin is likely a?
- carcinoma (epithelium)
- a tumor with vimentin is likely a ?
- sarcoma (mesenchymal cells)
- a tumor with desmin is likely of what origin?
- lieomyoma or rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle)
- a tumor with neurofilament is likely of what origin?
- pheochromocytoma or neuroplastoma (nervous tissue)
- a tumor with GFAP is likely of what origin?
- astrocytoma or ependyoma (glial cells)
- increased AFP indicates?
- hepatoma, nonseminoustaous testicular germ cell tumor, yolk sak tumor
- increased hCG indicates?
- trophoblastic tumor or choriocarcinoma
- increased calcitonin is a useful marker for what tumor?
- CEA is a useful marker for what tumors?
- carcinomas of lung, pancreas, stomach, breast, and colon
- CA-125 is a useful marker for what tumor?
- ovarian cancer
- CA19-9 is a useful marker for what tumor?
- pancreatic cancer
- PAP is a useful marker for what tumor?
- seminoma
- PSA is a useful marker for what tumor?
- prostate cancer
- what two markers are useful for monitoring prostate cancer?
- PSA and prostatic acid phsophatase
- when might you see increased AFP?
- hepatoma, yolk sac tumor, twin pregnancy, or with a neural tube defect?
- in what circumstance would AFP be decreased?
- a pregnancy with downs syndrome
- neoplasms associated with Down syndrome?
- ALL, AML
- neoplasms associated with tuberous sclerosis?
- astrocytoma and cardiac rhabdomyoma
- neoplasm associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome (atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia; all due to iron deficiency)
- squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
- neoplasms associated with Paget's disease fo bone
- secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
- neoplasm associated with immunodeficiency states
- malignant lymphoma
- neoplasms associated with AIDS
- aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's) & Kaposi's sarcoma
- neoplasms associated with acanthosis nigricans
- visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
- bcl-2
- follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis) (oncogene)
- ras
- colon carcinoma (oncogene)
- BRCA1 and 2
- 17q, 13q; breast and ovarian cancer (tumor suppressor)
- p16
- 9p; melanoma (tumor suppressor)
- WT1
- 11q; Wilms' tumor (tumor suppressor)
- NF1
- 17q; Neurofibromatosis type I (tumor suppressor)
- NF2
- 22q; Neurofibromatosis type II (tumor suppressor)
- PSA
- prostatic carcinoma
- CEA
- carcinoembryonic antigen; very nonspecific but produced by about 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric and breast carcinomas
- alpha-fetoprotein
- hepatocellular carcinomas; nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testes (e.g. yolk sac tumor)
- beta-HCG
- Hyatidiform mole, Choriocarcinomas, and Gestational trophoblastic tumors
- CA-125
- ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors
- S-100
- melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
- alkaline phosphatase
- metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget's disease of bone
- bombesin
- neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
- TRAP
- tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; hairy cell leukemia, a B cell neoplasm
- HTLV-1
- adult T cell leukemia
- HBV, HCV
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- EBV
- Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- HPV
- cervical carcinoma (16, 18), penile/anal carcinoma
- HHV-8
- Kaposi's sarcoma, body cavity fluid B cell lymphoma
- aflatoxins
- liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)
- vinyl chloride
- liver (angiosarcoma)
- CCL4
- liver (centrilobular necrosis, fatty change)
- nitrosamines
- esophagus, stomach
- asbestos
- lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma)
- arsenic
- skin (squamous cell carcinoma)
- naphthalene (analine) dyes
- bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)
- alkylating agents
- blood (leukemia)
- t(9;22)
- CML (bcr-abl hybrid)
- t(8;14)
- Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
- t(14;18)
- follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
- t(15;17)
- M3 type of AML - responsive to all-trans retinoic acid
- t(11;22)
- Ewing's sarcoma
- t(11;14)
- mantle cell lymphoma
- cyst - distention of unruptured graafian follicle - may be associated with hyperestrinism and endometrial hyperplasia
- follicular cyst
- cyst - hemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum; menstrual irregularity
- corpus luteum cyst
- cyst - often bilateral/multiple; due to gonadotropin stimulation; associated with choriocarcinoma and moles
- theca-lutein cyst
- most common malignant germ tumor of the ovaries
- dysgerminoma
- most common malignant germ tumor of testes
- seminoma
- sheets of uniform cells, increased hCG; increased risk wiht cryptorchidism; presents as painless testicular enlargemnt
- seminoma
- aggressive malignancy in ovaries, testes, sacrococcygeal area of young children; Schiller-Duval bodies, primitive glomeruli, increased AFP
- yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
- 2nd most common testicular germ cell tumor; painful mass; glandular with papillary convolutions
- embryonal carcinoma
- what type of teratoma is malignant in females?
- immature
- what type of teratoma is malignant in males?
- mature - painful; can present with gynecomastia
- what does struma ovarii contain?
- functional thyroid tissue
- 20% of ovarian tumors; frequently bilateral, lined with fallopian tube-like epithelium; benign
- serous cystadenoma
- 50% of ovarian tumors; malignant and frequently bilateral
- serous cystadenocarcinoma
- multilocular ovarian cyst lined by mucus-secreting epithelium; benign
- mucinous cystadenoma
- malignant ovarian tumor; pseudomyxoma peritonei - intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material from ovarian or appendiceal tumor
- mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
- benign ovarian tumor that resembles bladder epithelium
- Brenner tumor
- triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax
- Meigs' syndrome
- ovarian tumor that secretes estrogen, causing precocious puberty in kids; can cause endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma in adults; Call-Exner bodies
- granulosa cell tumo
- small follicles lined with eosinophilic secretions
- Call-Exner bodies
- benign testicular tumor containing Reinke crystals; androgen producing - gynocomastia in men & precocious puberty in boys
- Leydig cell tumor
- benign, androblastoma from sex cord stroma
- sertoli cell tumor
- most common testicular cancer in older men
- lymphoma
- fibrocystic breast disease showing hyperplasia of breast stroma
- fibrosis
- fibrocystic disease showing fluid filled cysts
- cystic
- fibrocystic disease with increased acini and intralobular fibrosis
- sclerosing
- fibrocystic disease showing increase in number of epithelial cell layers in terminal duct lobule; increased risk of carcinoma with atypical cells; occurs >30 years
- epithelial hyperplasia
- most common benign breast tumor <25 years; small, mobile, firm mass with sharp eges
- fibroadenoma
- large, bulky mass of connective tissue and cysts; tumor may have leaflike projections; benign breast tumor
- cytosarcoma phyllodes
- benign tumor of lactiferous ducts - presents with nipple discharge
- intraductal papilloma
- early malignant breast tumor without basement membrane penetration
- ductal carcinoma in situ
- firm, fibrous mass; common malignant breast tumor
- invasive ductal, no specific type
- ductal breast cancer, with cheesy consistency due to central necrosis
- comedocarcinoma
- malignant breast tumor with lymphatic involvement & poor prognosis
- inflammatory
- fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate w/ good prognosis (malignant breast tumor)
- medullary
- eczematous patches on nipple
- Paget's disease of the breast
- large cells with clear halo
- Paget cells
- from where do malignant breast tumors arise?
- mammary duct epithelium or lobular glands