Vitamins and nutrition
Terms
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- what vitamin is thiamine?
- B1
- what advanced deficiency causes dry beriberi?
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B1 (thaimine)
1. affects the nervous system
2. leads to neuropathy
3. accompanied by inactivity and low calorie intake - what advanced deficiency causes wet beriberi?
-
1. B1
2. affects the cardiovascular system
3. leads to high-output cardiac failure
4. accompained by severe physical exertion and high carb intake - what deficiency causes Wernicke-Korsafoff's syndrome?
-
B1
*may see dry or wet beriberi - most thiamine deficiency in the US is d/t what?
- alcoholism
- describe dry beriberi involvement:
-
1. advanced deficiency of thiamine
2. involves both the peripheral and CNS
3. Peripheral nerve involvement=symmetric motor and sensory neuropathy c/ pain, paresthesias and loss of reflexes
4. legs are more affected than the arms - what causes Wernicke-Korsafoff syndrome?
- 1. central nervous system involvement from thiamin deficiency
- what is wernicke's encephalopathy characterized by?
-
1. nystagmus progressing to ophthalmoplegia
2. truncal ataxia
3. confusion - what is Korsafkoff's syndrome characterized by?
-
1. amnesia
2. confabulation
3. impaired learning - describe wet beriberi involvement:
-
1. peripheral vasodilation resulting in high-output heart failure
2. dyspnea
3. tachycardia
4. cardiomegaly
5. pulmonary and peripheral edema
6. warm extremities mimicking cellulitis - what vitamin is riboflavin?
- B2
- what advanced deficiency causes cheilosis (mouth fissures)?
-
B2 (riboflavin)
1. cheilosis (mouth fissures)
2. angular stomatitis
3. glossitis - what vitamin is niacin?
- B3
- what deficiency causes pellagra?
- B3(niacin)
- what is the classic triad of pellagra?
-
B3 deficiency
1. dermatitis
2. diarrhea
3. dementia - what is niacin used therapeutically for?
-
treatment of:
1. hypercholesterolemia
2. hypertriglyceridemia
* in the form of nicotinc acid - what are the major food sources of niacin?
-
1. protein foods containing tryptophan
2. cereals
3. vegetables
4. dairy - what is Hartnup's disease?
- 1. dz of tryptophan metabolism
- what is seen in Hartnup's dz?
-
1. dz of tryptophan metabolism
2. pellagra (3Ds)
3. B3 (niacin deficiency) - what vitamin is pantothenate?
- B5
- what deficiency causes enteritis and dermatitis?
- 1. B5 (pantothenate) def
- what vitamin is pyridoxine?
- B6
- what is seen c/ B6 def?
- 1. neuropathy (frequently caused by isoniazid therapy for TB)
- what are the clinical syndromes seen c/ deficiencies of B vitamins?
-
1. mouth soreness
2. glossitis
3. cheilosis
4. weakness
5. irritability
6. severe deficiency=peripheral neuropathy, anemia and seizures - what should be routinely perscribed for patients receiving isoniazid?
- B6 (pyridoxine)
- what vitamin is cyanocobalamin?
- B12
- what is seen with deficiency of B12?
-
1. pernicious anemia (lack of intrinsic factor)
2. leads to neuropathy, megaloblastic anemia, glossitis - what do you seen in pts with increased consumption of raw eggs?
-
1. biotin deficiency
2. leading to enteritis
3. d/t the avidin in the raw eggs blocking the biotin absorption - what do you seen in pts c/ biotin deficiency?
-
1. dermatitis
2. enteritis (caused by increased consumption of raw eggs, d/t the avidin in raw eggs blocking biotin absorption) - what is a co-factor for insulin and def. of this causes glucose intolerance?
- chromium
- what is seen in a chromium deficiency?
-
1. glucose intolerance
2. chromium is a cofactor for insulin - what deficiency causes leukopenia and bone demineralization?
- copper def
- what is seen in a copper deficiency?
-
1. leukopenia
2. bone demineralization - what is seen c/ B1 (thiamine) def?
-
1. wet beriberi (high-output cardiac failure)
2. dry beriberi (peripheral neuropathy)
3. Wernicke and Korsakoff syndromes - what is seen c/ B2 (riboflavin) def?
-
1. cheilosis
2. angular stomatitis
3. dermatitis - what is seen c/ B3 (niacin) def?
-
1. Pellagra!!=dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
2. stomatitis - what is seen c/ B6 (pyridoxine) def?
-
1. peripheral neuropathy
2. cheilosis
3. stomatitis
4. convulsions in infants
5. microcytic anemia
6. seborrheic dermatitis - what is seen c/ B6 (pyridoxine) toxicity?
- 1. peripheal neuropathy (only B vitamin--B6--with toxicity)
- what is seen c/ B12 (cobalamin)def?
-
1. megaloblastic anemia
2. plus neurologic sx - what is seen c/ folic acid def?
-
1. megaloblastic anemia
3. NO neurologic sx - what is seen c/ vitamin C def?
-
1. scurvy (hermorrhages--skin petechiae, bone gums; loose teeth; gingivitis)
2. poor wound healing
3. hyperkeratotic hair follicles
4. bone pain (from periosteal hemorrhages) - what def causes microcytic anemia and koilonychia (sppon-shaped fingernails)?
- iron def
- what mineral toxicity causes hemochromatosis?
- iron toxicity
- what mineral def causes goiter, cretinism and hypothyroidism?
- iodine def
- what mineral toxicity causes myxedema?
- iodine toxicity
- what is seen in fluorine def?
- 1. dental caries (cavities)
- what is seen in fluorine toxicity?
- 1. fluorosis with mottling of teeth and bone exostoses
- what def causes hypogeusia (decreased taste), rash and slow wound healing?
- zinc def
- what is seen in zinc def?
-
1. hypogeusia (decreased taste)
2. rash
3. slow wound healing - what def causes Menke's dz?
-
1. copper def
Menke's dz=x-linked, kinky hair, mental retardation - what is Menke's dz?
-
1. copper def
2. x-linked
3. kinky hair
4. mental retardation - what is seen with copper toxicity?
- Wilson's dz
- what def causes cardiomyopathy and muscle pain?
- selenium def
- what toxicity causes loss of hair and nails?
- selenium toxicity
- what is seen in selenium def?
-
1. cardiomyopathy
2. muscle pain - what is seen c/ manganese toxicity?
- 1. "manganese madness" in miners of ore
- what is seen c/ chromium def?
- impaired glucose tolerance
- what def does the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum cause?
- B12 def
- what is seen with folic acid def?
-
1. neural tube defects
2. megaloblastic anemia (NO neurologic sx) - what is seen c/ iodine def?
-
1. hypothyroidism
2. cretinism
3. goiter - what is plummer-vinson syndrome?
-
1. from iron def
2. esophageal webs
3. spoon nails - what def causes Plummer-vinson sx?
- iron def
- what is seen with iron toxicity?
-
1. hemochromatosis
2. leading to multiorgan failure and
3. bronze diabetes - what is bronze diabetes?
- hemochromatosis and multiorgan failure from iron toxicity
- what is seen with selenium def?
-
1. myopathy
2. Keshan's disease (childhood cardiomyopathy) - what is Keshan's dz?
-
1. childhood cardiomyopathy
2. secondary to selenium def
3. very common in China