Pathology: Neoplasia - Classification and Nomenclature
Terms
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- What is NEOPLASIA?
- uncontrolled, disorderly proliferation of cells; results in benign or malignant tumor (NEOPLASM)
- What is DYSPLASIA?
- is REVERSIBLE, often precedes malignancy, abnormal maturation, spatial arrangement, varied nuclear size/shape, inc mitosis
- What is the most commonly seen dysplasia?
- dysplasia of squamous epithelium of cervix (often a precursor of malignancy)
- What is a WELL DIFFERENTIATED NEOPLASM?
- if resemblence to tissue of origin is close
- What is a POORLY DIFFERENTIATED NEOPLASM?
- if little resemblence to tissue of origin is seen
- What are some fundamental characteristics of neoplasms?
- independent of host control mechanisms, dependent on host for nutrition and blood supply
- What is a PAPILLOMA?
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benign epithelial neoplasm w/finger-like processes
often from squamous epithelium (skin, larynx, tongue) or transitional epithelium (bladder, ureter, pelvis) - What is an ADENOMA?
- benign, epithelial neoplasm derived from glands OR producing gland patterns
- What is a PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA?
- neoplasm w/adenomatous papillary processes that extend into (hollow) cystic spaces (ex. cystadenoma of ovary)
- What is a FIBROADENOMA?
- has proliferation of connective tissue surrounding neoplastic glandular epithelium (ex. fibroadenoma of breast)
- What is a POLYP?
- mass that projects above a mucosal surface (ex. in colon); may be malignant
- What tissues are of MESENCHYMAL ORIGIN?
- connective and endothelial tissue, blood cells, muscle
- Benign tumors of connective tissue?
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FIBROMA (fibrous tissue)
LIPOMA (fat cells)
CHONDROMA (cartilage)
OSTEOMA (bone) - Benign endothelial tumors?
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HEMANGIOMA (blood vessels)
LYMPHANGIOMA (lymph vessels)
MENINGIOMA (meninges) - Benign muscle tumors?
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LEIOMYOMA (smooth muscle)
RHABDOMYOMA (striated muscle) - Most common neoplasm of women?
- UTERINE LEIOMYOMA (aka FIBROID TUMOR)
- What is a CHORISTOMA?
- small non-neoplastic area of normal tissue misplaced w/in another organ
- What is a HAMARTOMA?
- non-neoplastic mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to a particular site (ex. hemangioma)
- What is a CARCINOMA?
- tumor of epithelial origin
- What is a SARCOMA?
- tumor of mesenchymal origin
- What is a SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA?
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from stratified squamous epithelium (ex. skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina), areas of squamous metaplasia (ex. bronchi), or squamocolumnar jn (uterine cervix)
*marked by production of keratin* - What is a TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA?
- from transitional epithelium of urinary tract
- What is an ADENOCARCINOMA?
- neoplastic epithelial cells grow in gland patterns (ex. GI mucosa, endometrium, pancreas); often associated with DESMOPLASIA (tumor-induced proliferation of non-neoplastic fibrous connective tissue)
- Malignant tumors of connective (and related) tissues?
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FIBROSARCOMA (fibrous tissue)
LIPOSARCOMA (fatty tissue)
CHONDROSARCOMA (cartilage)
OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA or OSTEOSARCOMA (bone) - Malignant tumors of endothelial (and related) tissues?
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ANGIOSARCOMA (blood vessels)
LYMPHANGIOSARCOMA (lymph vessels)
SYNOVIAL SARCOMA (synovium)
MESOTHELIOMA (mesothelium)
INVASIVE MENINGIOMA (meninges) - Malignant tumors of blood (and related) cells?
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LEUKEMIAS (hematopoietic cells)
MALIGNANT LYMPHOMAS (lymphoid tissue) - Malignant tumors of muscle tissue?
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LEIOMYOSARCOMA (smooth)
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA (striated) - What is a TERATOMA?
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derived from multiple germ layers (totipotent cells), usu in ovaries in testes, may contain skin, bone, cartilage, teeth, intestinal epithelium
(can be benign or malignant) - What is ANAPLASIA?
- lack of differentiation (characteristic of malignant neoplasms)
- What is PLEOMORPHISM?
- marked variation in size and shape (seen in anaplastic cells)
- What types of cellular characteristics do malignant neoplasms typically display?
- anaplasia, pleomorphism, hyperchromatism (dark staining nuclei), increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, abnormal mitoses, cellular dyspolarity, prominent nucleoli