Physiological Psychology 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- NEURON
- specialized cell that is directly involved in mental processes and behavior
- NEUROTRANMITTER
- chemical substance that is released axon terminals,diffuses across synapses and exites or inhibits receptor sites on postsynaptic cells
- TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS (5)
- ACETYLCHOLINE, GABA, EPINEPHIRE, NOREEPINEPHRINE, DOPAMINE, AND SERATONIN
- CONDUCTION
- ELECTRICAL PROCESS IN THE RECEPTION AND TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION WITHIN A NERVE CELL
- RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
- allows Cl- and K+ ions to enter the cell, but excludes Na+
- ACTION POTENTIAL
- resting potential of neuron changes with enough stimulation
- HYPERPOLARIZATION
- greater negativity INSIDE the cell, causes a state of inhibition,Na+ ions rush OUT OF the cell, inhibiting the cell
- DEPOLARIZATION
- decreased negativity INSIDE the cell, causes a state of excitation, Na+ ions rush INTO cell, exciting the cell
- ALL OR NONE LAW
- governs action potentials. variation of action potentials is a function of freq., pattern, and destination. either the action potential meets the minimum to be generated or not...and if they are they fire more frequently, not stronger
- ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD
- period after an action potential when the neuron cannot fire again.
- EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (EPSP)
- depolarizing postsynaptic potentisl
- INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL
- hyperpolarizing postsynatic potential
- ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh)
-
in CNS: REM sleep, regulation of sleep-wake cycle & memory
communicates with hippocampus, memory deficits of Alzheimer's
in PNS: muscle contraction - ACh NICOTINE RECEPTORS
- enhances alertness and memory by mimicking ACh
- CATECHOLAMINES (3)
- norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
- NOREPINEPHRINE
-
noradrenaline
low levels ass/w depression - EPINEPHRINE
- adrenaline
- DOPAMINE
-
low levels ass/w depression
high levels ass/w schzophrenia and Tourette's
regulation of movement, degeneration of dopamine underlies muscle rgidity and Parkinson's - SEROTONIN (5-HT)
-
inhibitory effect, implicated in mood, hunger, temp reg., sexual activity, arousal, migraine, sleep aggression.
high levels: schizophrenia and autism
low levels: depression, suicide, PTSD, OCD and agression - GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
-
inhibitory: ass/w sleep, eating, seizure, and anxiety disorders affectd by benzos & other CNS depressants
GABA in basal ganglia contribute to motor sxs. of Huntington's disease - GLUTAMATE
-
excitatory, ass/w learning, memory & long term potentiation for the formation of long term memory
excessive=seizures strike related brain damage, Huntingtons's and Alzheimer's - PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
- somatic & autonomic
- SOMATIC
- sensory & skeletal motor systems
- AUTONOMIC
- parasympathetic & sympathetic
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
- brain and spinal cord
- BRAIN (3)
- hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
- HINDBRAIN (3)
- medulla, pons, cerebellum
- FOREBRAIN (5)
- thalamus, hypothal, limbic system, basal ganglia, cortex
- SPINAL CORD
- carries information between brain and PNS, coordinates activities of the left and right sides of body and controls simple reflexes, divided into 5 groups, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, & coccygeal
- QUADRIPLEGIA
- loss of sensory & voluntary motor functioning of arms and legs
- PARAPLEGIA
- loss of function in legs
- 3 MEMBRANES PROTECTING BRAIN
- dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
- SUBARACHNOID SPACE
- space between arachnoid and pia mater, filled with spinal fluid.
- HYDROCEPHALUS
- obstruction of flow of CSF that enlarges the 4 ventricles. ass/w some schizophrenia
- SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS)
-
sensory nerves carry info from sensory receptors to CNS
motor nerves carry info from CNS to skeletal muscles
governs voluntary movement - AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
- sensory nerves that connects viscera receptors to CNS and motor nerves from CNS to smooth muscles, heart and glands. governs involuntary movement.BIOFEEDBACK, HYPNOSIS CAN MAKE INVOLUNTARY VOLUNTARY
- ANS DIVIDED INTO 2
- sympathetic and parasympathetic
- SYMPATHETIC
- reaction to external threat: dilates pupils, inhibits peristalisis, dry mouth sweating, increased BP and heart rate FIGHT OR FLIGHT
- PARASYMPATHETIC
- conserves energy, digestion, periods of rest and relaxation
- CEREBRAL CORTEX (what % of brain wght)
- 80%
- FUNCTION OF CEREBRAL CORTEX
- higher level cognitive, emotional, and motor function
- CEREBRAL CORTEX: how many hemispheres & lobes
- 2 hemispheres divided into 4 lobes
- HEMISPHERE SPECIALIZATION: LEFT
-
visual: letters, words
auditory: language related sounds
memory: verbal memory
language: speech, reading, writing, arithmetic
emotion: positive - HEMISPHERE SPECIALIZATION: RIGHT
-
visual: geometric patterns and facial recognition
auditory: music & other non-language sounds
memory: non-verbal
spatial processing:geometry, sense of direction
emotion: negative - 4 LOBES OF CEREBRAL CORTEX
- Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
- FRONTAL LOBE (4 lobes)
- major portion of Cerebral cortex incl. motor, premotor, & prefrontal
- MOTOR CORTEX
- controls voluntary movement, fingers, lips, jaw
- DAMAGE MOTOR CORTEX
- loss of refelxes and muscle tone in areas contralateral to the damage
- HEMIPLAGIA
- loss of muscle tone
- PREMOTOR CORTEX
- contains BROCA'a area (usually in left hemi.
- BROCA'S AREA
-
in premotor cortex
inv. speech production - DAMAGE TO BROCA'S AREA
- BROCA'S aphasia: expressive, problems with spoken and written language
- PREFRONTAL CORTEX
- emotional, memory, self-awareness, higher level cognitive functions
- DAMAGE TO PREFRONTAL CORTEX (1st)
- psuedodepression:apathy, lethargy, narrowing interests, reduced emotional rxs. reduced sex drive, impaired memory & attention
- DAMAGE TO PREFRONTAL CORTEX (2nd)
- psuedopsycopathology: loss of social contact, lack of empathy, impulsivity, sex disihibition, inappropriate jocularity
- COGNITIVE DEFICITS TO PREFRONTAL CORTEX (5)
- problems w/ abstract thinking, planning ability, decision-making, perseveration, inabilit to remember temporal events, hypofrontality
- PERSEVERATION
- inability to alter a response when the stimulus changes
- HYPOFRONTALITY
- reduced metabolism in prefrontal cortex linked to schizophrenia, ADHD and age related cognitive declines
- PARIETAL LOBE (contains)
- somatosensory cortex
- SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
- governs pressure temp, pain, propriocetion, gustation, stimulation results in warmth or tingling of different parts of body
- DAMAGE TO PARIETAL LOBE
- disturbance in spatial orientation, apraxia, tactile agnosia, asomatognosia, anosognosia
- APRAXIA
- inability to perform skilled motor movements when there in NOT impaired motor function
- TACTILE AGNOSIA
- inability to recognize familiar objects by touch
- ASOMATOGNOSIA
- failure to recognize parts of one's body
- ANOSOGNOSIA
- inability to recognize one's neurological sxs. or other disorders
- LESIONS IN RIGHT (non-dominant) PARIETAL LOBE
- dressing a praxia, contralateral neglect
- CONTRALATERAL NEGLECT
- loss of knowledge or interest in the left side of the body
- LESIONS IN LEFT (dominant) PARIETAL LOBE
- ideational apraxia, ideomotor apraxia, Gertsmann Syndrome
- IDEATIONAL APRAXIA
- inability to carry out sequence of actions
- IDEOMOTOR APRAXIA
- inability to carry out a simple action in response to a command
- GERTSMANN SYNDROME
- finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia and acalculia
- TEMPORAL LOBE (contains)
- auditory cortex
- TEMPORAL LOBE FUNCTION
-
mediates auditory sensation and perception
mediates encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term declarative memories - DAMAGE TO TEMPORAL LOBE
- audidtory agnosia, audidtory hallucinations , & other disturbances
- WERNICKE'S AREA (where/function)
- located in dominant (left) temporal lobe and involved w/ language comprehension
- DAMAGE TO WERNICKE'S AREA
- severe deficits in language comprehension, and abnormalties in language production
- ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF TEMPORAL LOBE
- produces vivid memories that had otherwise been forgotten
- OCCIPITAL LOBE (contains)
- visual cortex
- FUNCTION VISUAL CORTEX
- visual perception, recognition, and memory
- DAMAGE TO OCCIPITAL LOBE
- visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, cortical blindness
- VISUAL AGNOSIA
- inability to recognize familiar objects
- SIMULTANAGNOSIA
- inabilit to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time
- LESIONS AT JUNCTION OF OCCIPITAL, TEMPORAL, & PARIETAL LOBES
- prosopagnosia:
- PROSOPAGNOSIA
- inability to recognize familiar faces
- CONTRALATERAL REPRESENTATION
- left hemisphere controls the right side; right hemisphere controls the left side
- CORPUS CALLOSUM
- fiber bundles connecting right and left hemisphere
- DAMAGE TO CORPUS CALLOSUM
-
split-brain patients
can be treatment for epilepsy - SPLIT-BRAIN PATIENTS
-
when picture of object projected to left visual field (to right hemi) pt. couldn't name or describe object, could pick objects out with w/ left hand, but not right
picture projected to right visual field (left hemi) pt. could name object, but unable to select object by touch only.