Neuroanatomy Overview - Basic Cellular and Neurochemical Organization of the Ner
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- What are the neuron support cells?
- glial cells, glia
- A typical neuron consists of a _______, ________, and _______.
- cell body, dendrites, axons
- The cell body of the neuron contains the _______.
- nucleus
- The ________ are short processes that receive most inputs to the cell.
- dendrites
- ______ are long processes that carry most outputs.
- Axons
- Most mammalian neurons are multipolar, which means that they have ______ dendrite(s) and _______ axon(s).
- several, several
- Axon ______ are axons that branch off the main axon to reach different targets.
- collaterals
- Bipolar neurons have _____ axon(s) and ______ dendrite(s) arising from the cell body.
- one, one
- Bipolar neurons are often ____sensory or motor?)____ neurons?
- sensory
- True or False: unipolar neurons occur mainly in vertibrates?
- False. Unipolar neuroons occur mainly in invertebrates
- What type of neuron has both axons and dendrites arising from a single process coming from the cell body?
- Unipolar neurons
- A ______ is the gap or space between two neuron structures in which communication occurs.
- synapse
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neurotransmitter receptors; synaptic vesicles; neurotransmitter; presynaptic terminals; post-synaptic
Use these 5 terms to fill in the following blanks: "Chemical _________ molecules, stored mainly in ________, are released from _________ - neurotransmitter; synaptic vesicles; presynaptic terminals; neurotransmitter receptors; post-synaptic
- The _______ is transisent voltage change that occurs when excitatory synaptaic inputs combine with endogenous transmembrane currents to sufficiently excite a neuron, lasts about ____ millisecond(s) and can travel rapidly throughout the length of the neur
- action potential, one
- What is the insulating layer of an axon formed by specialized glial cells and speeds the rate of action potential conduction?
- myelin sheath
- Myelin-forming glial cells in the CNS/PNS? are called oligodendrocytes, while in the CNS/PNS? they are called Schwann cells.
- CNS, PNS
- _____________ are short, exposed segments of axon where voltage-gated ion channels are concentrated.
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Conduction from node to node occurs rapidly by a process known as what?
- saltatory conduction
- What are 2 general functions of chemical neurotransmitters?
- mediate rapid communication between neurons through ESPSs and ISPSs, and neuromodulation which generally occurs over a slower time scale and involves signaling cascades
- The _______ neuron summates ESPSs and IPSPs arising from many _________ neuron inputs
- post-synaptic, pre-synaptic
- What do ESPS and ISPS refer to?
- excitatory post-synaptic potential, inhibitory post-synaptic potential
- Glutamate is the most common ______ CNS transmitter. (inhibitory or excitatory?)
- excitatory
- GABA is the most common ______ CNS transmitter. (inhibitory or excitatory?)
- inhibitory
- What is the main transmitter at the neuromuscular junction?
- acetylcholine
- Both aceteylcholine and norepinephrine are important in the _______ nervous system
- autonomic
- What is the only low-molecular-weight amine transmitter substance that is not an amino acid or derived directly from one?
- Acetylcholine
- What is the only transmitter to be synthesized within vesicles?
- Norepinephrine
- Cell bodies of seratonergic neurons are found in and around the _________ of the brain stem, which are involved in regulating _________.
- raphe nuclei; attention and complex cognitive functions
- What neurotransmitter is used by neurons with cell bodies in the locus ceruleus?
- norepinephrine
- Histamine is a transmitter in both invertebrates and vertebrates. It is concentrated in the ________, one of the centers for regulating secretion of hormones.
- hypothalamus
- Which neurotransmitter is used most frequently throughout the nervous system?
- Glutamate
- True or False: neuroactive peptides are removed more quickly than small molecule transmitters from the synaptic cleft.
- False. The slow removal of neuropeptides contributes to the long duration of their effects.