EPPP Neuropsych
Terms
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- Parts of the peripheral nervous system
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Somatic
Autonomic - Describe the somatic nervous system
- Regulates sensory and voluntary motor activity.
- Describe the autonomic nervous system
-
Involuntary muscles
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic - Function of acetylcholine
-
Controls voluntary movement
Role in memory, REM sleep
Sex
ACh loss found in Alzheimers
Interference w ACh impedes new memories - Role of the limbic system
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Limbic system is the old brain
It mediates:
hunger, thirst
emotions, eg rage, fear, pleasure
memory encoding - Def: paresis
- slight or partial paralysis
- Def: paraesthesis
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abnormal sensations
eg numbness, tingling or burning - Def: hyperesthesia
- abnormal sensitivity to sensation
- Brain cell census
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100 billion neurons
1 trillion glial cells
which do neural housekeeping. - Def: all or none law
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all neuronal action potentials have the same magnitude
increased stimulation results in
more action potentials or
action potentials in more neurons - Factors affection neuronal conduction
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Diameter: thicker is faster
Mylenation - Disorders associated with norepinephrine
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Deficit in depression
Excess in schizophrenia
Norepinephrine is a catecholamine - Disorders associated with dopamine
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Excess in schizophrenia
Deficit in Parkinsons
Dopamine is a catecholamine - What neurotransmitters are associated w schizophrenia?
- Excesses of dopamine and norepinephrine.
- Role of seratonin
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Depletion associated w depression
Role in:
anxiety
obesity
aggression
sleep
modulation of pain - What brain structures are affected by Huntington's Chorea
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HC involves genetic degeneration of
substantia nigra
basal ganglia
cortex - Symptoms of Parkinson's disease
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Jerky movement
Disarthria (articulation problems) - Role of reticular formation *
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Sleep / wake cycle
Arousal
Information filtering
Selective attention - Role of the hypothalmus
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Body homeostasis and circadian rhythm
Eating, drinking, sex
Control of autonomic and endrocrine sys
Translation of strong feeling to involuntary responses:
shallow breathing, racing heart - Role of the hippocampus
- Transfer from STM to LTM
- Role of the frontal lobes
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Motor behavior
Concentration
Reasoning
Expressive language
Orientation to time, person, place - Role of temporal lobes
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Receptive language
Long term memory
Emotion
Includes auditory cortex - Role of parietal lobes
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Receiving and processing touch/pressure, kinesthesia and pain
Integrating sensory info - Role of occipital lobes
- Vision
- Left hemisphere functions
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Verbal
Logical
Damage results in slow, cautious behavioral style - Right hemisphere functions
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Artistic and musical abilities
Damage results in quick, impulsive behavioral style - Def: ataxia *
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Disruption of coordination of complex, voluntary movement. May include
slurred speech
severe tremors
loss of balance - Role of amygdala
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Integrates and directs emotional behavior
Attaches meaning to sensory experience
Mediates aggressive / defensive behavior - Def: anterograde amnesia
- Inability to form new, permanent memories
- Describe Wernicke's aphasia *
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Fluent speech devoid of meaning
Difficulties in comprehension
Includes impairments in written and spoken language and problems recalling words (anomia)
Due to temporal lobe damage
Aka fluent or receptive aphasia - Describe Broca's aphasia
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Expressive aphasia
Impared language expression and comprehension
Slow, laborious, non-fluent speech
Broca's area is in the frontal lobe - Describe conduction aphasia
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Caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus, connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas
Speech makes sense, but person can't repeat what he hears - Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion
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Emotions represent interpretations of physiological experience
We're afraid because we tremble - What brain structures are involved in memory *
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Prefrontal cortex (STM)
Hippocampus (STM -> LTM)
Temporal lobe (LTM)
Thalamus (spatial memory) - Describe the stages of sleep
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1. Transition from wakefulness to sleep; alpha waves give way to theta waves
2. Theta waves
3/4. Slow wave, delta, deep sleep
5. REM or paradoxical sleep: body out but mind active.
Cycle is ~100 min and recurs 4-6 times/night - Describe Korsakoff's syndrome
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Memory disorder common in alcoholics,
characterized by amnesia, confabulation and apathy
disorientation with respect to time and place
lack of insight into current problems - Describe long term potentiation
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Result of high freq neuronal stimulation:
increased neuronal sensitivity
synapse change
formation of new receptor sites - Role of RNA in memory
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Memory increases RNA production
Training or experience increases cell RNA
Different experience produces different RNA - What is a likely result of spinal cord injury on male sexuality
- Erection but not ejaculation
- def: agnosia *
- Inability to recognize familiar objects
- Functions of the sympathetic nervous system
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Fight or flight
Arousal
Control of smooth muscles of the blood vessels - Role of Broca's area
- Speech production
- Sleep changes as we age
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Hours in REM decrease
% of REM decreases
Total sleep decreases - Role of beta blockers in psychopharmacology
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Mgmt of anxiety, esp performance anxiety
tachychardia
sweating
hyperventalation
Used primarily for hypertension
Eg: Inderal - Medications for mania
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Lithium (tx of choice)
Tegretol (carbamazepine)
Valproic acid
(in order of decreasing side effects)
Antipsychotics for acute episodes
Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol - Medications for OCD
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SSRIs, esp Prozac
tricyclics, esp Clomipramine - Describe symptoms of parietal lobe damage
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unusual complex sensory and motor problems
left-right confusion
apraxia
face and tactile agnosia
problems deciphering visual/spatial info
unaware or unconcerned about problems - Identify parts and scope of spinal chord regions
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cervical - ring and little fingers
thoracic - hand and arm
lumbar - hip, thigh, leg
sacral - foot, leg - What part of the brain was most likely injured if patient reports loss of sensation?
- somatosensory cortex
- Where is the somatosensory cortex?
- On the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe
- Where is the lateral fissure?
- It separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes
- Where is the central sulcus?
- It separates the frontal and parietal lobes
- Def: propopagnosia
- Inability to recognize faces
- Cause of propopagnosia
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Deficits in both
visual processing
memory - Where is the parietal-occipital sulcus?
- It separates the occipital lobes
- Describe Type 1 schizophrenia (T. Crowe)
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Delusions or hallucinations
Inappropriate affect
Disorganized thinking
Due to neurotransmitter abnormality - Describe Type 2 schizophrenia (T. Crowe)
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Poor prognosis
Most symptoms begin in adolescence
Unresponsive to medication
Due to brain structure abnormalities - Effect of cocaine on neurotransmitters
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Blocks dopamine reuptake,
increasing dopamine - Symptoms of narcolepsy
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Irresistable sleep attacks daily for 3 mo
Cataplexy - sudden loss of muscle tone - Desc: Pick's disease
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Degenerative brain disorder
similar to Alzheimer's
begins with personality rather than memory deficits, and a decline in functioning
lost ability to initiate, organize, and follow through on even very simple plans and familiar activities - What neurotransmitters are involved in Alzheimer's?
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Primarily and earliest acetylcholine
Later seratonin, norepiniphrine, glutamate - What are the symptoms of Huntington's Chorea?
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Early:
depression
irritability
Later:
motor disturbance
personality change
dementia - What neurotransmitters are associated with Huntington's Chorea?
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GABA deficits
ACh
glutamate
dopamine - Causes of Parkinson's Disease
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Depletion of dopamine
Degeneration of substantia nigra - Results of frontal lobe damage
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Broca's aphasia
Impulsivity - Results of temporal lobe damage *
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Wernicke's aphasia
Problems w auditory perception
Changes in sexuality
Severe anterograde amnesia
Deficits in declarative memory
(especially episodic)
Faulty judgement
Impaired concentration - Limbic system structures
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thalamus
hippocampus
hypothalamus
amgdala - Loss of mylenation results in...
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Multiple sclerosis:
weakness, poor coordination and tremor - Gonadotrophic hormones are released from
- the pituitary
- Medication of choice for panic attacks
- Antidepressants
- Medications for ADHD
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Ritalin
Dexedrine - Medication for treatment of heroin addiction
- dolophine
- Symptoms of hypothyroidism
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cold intolerance
muscle aches and pains
slowness of speech
impaired memory
confusion
depression
slowed metabolism
weight gain - Def: akathesia
- inability to sit still
- Def: akinesia
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Slowness of movement
Masklike facial expression
Emotionless speech - What are benzodiazepines *
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Anxiolytics, minor tranquilizors
Include: Valium, Xanax, Halcion, Ativan - Benzodiazepine side effects *
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drowsiness
impaired psychomotor abilities
impaired short-term memory
more rarely:
dizziness
ataxia
allergic reactions
nausea
agression
NOT:
impaired cognitive formation - Def: apraxia
- problems in voluntary movement
- Part of the brain linked with impulsivity
- Impulivity is inversely correlated with size of caudate nucleus
- Neurotransmitter most associated with Tourette's
- dopamine